1. Lecture 2 The main notions of Grammar The word and the morpheme
Types of the opposition. Oppositional reduction
Types of morphemes
Means of form-building
Types of words (stems)

2. The main notions of grammar
The lexeme (child,children, child’s, children’s)
the grammeme (child’s, boys’, bird’s, else’s…
boys, children, phenomena, teeth, mice)
the grammatical meaning (3d person, singular number)
the grammatical form
the paradigm
the grammatical category

3. Grammatical meaning Grammatical form
It is obligatory,
it must be expressed in speech
It must have a form of expression
(inflexions, analytical form, word order, intonation).
walks – is walking
process
It’s a means of expressing grammatical meaning,
It may lend variety to speech,
Many men – many a man
It may convey the information more emotionally
He is constantly slamming the door
You are being naughty today.
The system of all grammatical lexemes constitute a
forms (grammemes ) of all
PARADIGM

4. Grammatical category
a unity of a special grammatical form and a special grammatical meaning.
a certain grammatical meaning which is expressed by a grammatical form.
a grammatical form expressing a special grammatical meaning.
It is revealed by the method of binary OPPOSITIONS

5. Members of the oposition
Unmarked (week)
Make- – makes+
Marked (strong)
Makes+ – making+

6. Types of the opposition
Go- – went+ Built+ – was built+ good- – better+ - best+) Tense, gender, number, person Case, gender, order, article determination
Privative
Equipollent
Gradual
Notional
Formal

7. Oppositional reduction
Neutralization
Man is sinful.
A rose is a beautiful flower.
The train arrives at 5 tomorrow
Transposition
The sun had the Belsey house in her hands.
In November an unseen stranger called Pneumonia touched people here and there with his icy fingers.

8. The morpheme The word
Is one of the central notions of grammatical theory.
is the smallest meaningful unit of a word-form (occurs in speech as a part of the word)
It constitutes words (MORPHS)
Is one of the basic units of language
Is a naming unit of language
Is the smallest meaningful unit of speech
The main features are:
-- isolatability
-- uninterruptibility
-- looseness

9. The word is a nominative unit of the language formed by morphemes, which enters the lexicon of the language as its elementary component used for the formation of the sentence with other nominative elements.

10. - Position in the word -Meaning - Function Types of Morphemes
Root door Prefix in-doors Suffix form-al Infix teeth Lexical day lexical-grammatical Writ-er Grammatical strong-er form-building word-building

11. Types of morphemes in descriptive linguistics
Free (contrast)
Bound (contrast-ive)
Semi-bound (has written)
Overt (стен-а)
Covert (стен - -)
Continuous
Discontinuous (Is do-ing)
Segmental Teach-er
Supresegmental Import – import
Additive (look-ed)
Replacive (teeth)
Criteria
Degree of self- dependence
Formal presentation
Linear characteristics
Segmental relations
Grammatical alteration

12. Types of stems
Simple
Derivative
Compound
Composite

13. Means of form-building
Synthetic : inner inflexion (teeth, tooth)
outer inflexion (tables, doing)
suppletivity (went, was)
Analytical: possessing discontinuous
morphemes \ bound morphemes
(is waiting)

14. Criteria for distinguishing an analytical form
1. A total grammatical meaning is built on the basis of a word combination of all components of the form. Each component in isolation doesn’t possess the information about the total meaning of the given form.
2. Among the components of the analytical form there are no syntactic relations.
3. Syntactic relations are possible for the whole form in total with its surroundings in a sentence
4. Analytical forms are correlated with synthetic forms. There must be at least one synthetic form in the paradigm.
5. Auxiliary elements lose their lexical meaning and can be contracted.