1. Alaa Jaber Hiba Abu Aljaraesh

2. GENERAL The skin of the infant and the adult differs both histological and physiologically in many respects. It is less hairy, thinner and less cornified in infants. There is tendency towards peeling and flaking of skin during first 3 weeks after birth. Sebaceous glands are present in the newborn and start functioning early.

3. Being comparatively thin, skin of infant is expected to be more permeable to topical agent applied. There are mainly concerned with keeping the baby clear and comfortable.

4. FUNCTIONAL REQUIERMENTS OF BABY PRODUCT - From the foregoing account it appears that the most skin problems in baby occur because of wrapping of them in tightly fitting garments providing warm and stagnant environment for bacteria. -From the functional point of view, baby skin care products should protect baby skin from hostile environment by cleaning the skin thoroughly from sebum, grime and excreta.

5. -There is no dearth of experts opinions on the best method of cleaning but many of them are contradictory and confusing. -The types of products which are available for babies are same as that for adults, e.g. soap,oils,lotion,etc. -Many formulation are tempted to include a germicidal in baby skin products,common example being cetyl byridinum chloride and benzethonium chloride.

6. BABY OIL -Though there is some evidence that oils used and greasy materials can, by occluding the skin surface, predispose infants to prickly heat, but surprisingly baby oil remain a popular product.

7. -In the formulations of baby oil, bland vegetable oils like ground nut oil, lanoline derivatives and some higher alcohols can be used -the most popular brands of baby oils contain mineral oil of high purity without perfume or a trace of perfume with solubilizer.

8. Formula 1,2,3 are examples of products containing mineral oil only, vegetable oil and mixture of mineral oil and vegetable oil. FORMULA 1 Mineral oil 100 g

9. FORMULA 2 Groundnut oil 100 g Anti oxidant q.s. FORMULA 3 Mineral oil 60.00 Groundnut oil 40.00 Antioxidant q.s.

10. Baby shampoo PH : 6-7 -Mild surfactants (e.g.- non ionic & amphoteric). -Avoidance of eye contact – polysorbate 20 & PEG 600 distearate – controls viscosity

11. BABY CREAM AND LOTIONS - Traditionally baby creams and lotions can be prepared by using triethanolamine stearate, an anionic emulsifiers. -Non ionic emulsifiers can based on sorbitol can also be used in baby cream and lotions -Bolyoxyethylene sorbitan lanolin derivatives are through to be fairly mild -These have been used in baby products.

12. - -Emulsifier based on sucrose esters of palmitate and stearic acids are mild and non-toxic -These are available overseas under the trade name “crodestas” -Crodestas are admixtures of di- and tri- esters of sucrose -Anti septic baby lotion and cream can be prepared using cationic quaternary ammonium compounds like pyridinium chloride -Lotions and creams invariably contain small amount of fatty acids -These free fatty acids will inactive cationic compound on a molecular basis -There after an excess of quaternary compound is required -It may be calculated from the acid value of the oily phase

13. Formula of baby lotion Mineral oil 24.8 Crodesta F 70 3.0 Crodesta F 160 0.5 Hydroxy ethyl cellulose 0.2 Water 100 Preservative q.s.

14. Formula of Baby cream Mineral oil 32.0 Cetearyl alcohol 0.5 Petroleum jelly 5.0 Lanolin alcohol 1.0 Crodesta formula 110 3.0 Glycerin 2.5 Water 100.0 preservatives q.s.

15. BABY POWDER -These powder are intended to make the infant feel more comfortable and to help prevent skin rashes that arise from or aggravated by excess moisture -Main ingredients are stearates,colloidal clay starch and talc -These powders are usually only lightly perfumed and not perfumed at all -These powders are free from boric acid

16. BABY SOAP -Baby soap shall possess good cleaning and lathering properties, is normally a mixture of alkali salts of along-chain fatty acids. - Triglycerides for example tallow, palm oil and coconut oil, provide the basic fats from which the fatty acid mixture used for soap are derived.

17. -The finished soap properties are primarily dependent on the mixture and ratio of Triglycerides used. -Tallow, for example, gives much harder soap than coconut oil. -Potassium are much softer than their sodium based counterparts, although, in practice, they are rarely used. -The finished soap bar can be modified by the addition of other ingredients. -Such as emollients opacifiers and chelating agent.