1. MOTIVATION UMER FAREED

2. o What Motivates a Human ? o Motivation and Emotions o Biological Causes of Human Behavior o Reflexes o Instincts o Imprinting o Drive Reduction Theory o Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs o Incentive Theory o Arousal Theory o Question & Feedback

3. WHAT MOTIVATES A HUMAN ?

4. EMOTIONS We all have them Yet most of us can't explain them Emotions are thought to be the Causes and Reasons for a large number of human actions (behavior) They are thought to be comprised of cognitive, physiological and behavioral components COGNITIVE We have perceptions of emotions that usually ranges from pleasantness- unpleasantness & weak- strong (Woodworth & Sehlesberg). We perceive our emotions as having some level of pleasantness and strength PHYSIOLOGICAL Emotions are accompanied by physiological arousal, usually at an autonomic level (involuntary) e.g. increase in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, pupils dilation, etc BEHAVIORAL Very often organisms communicate without words. We may communicate emotions nonverbally; through body language e.g. smiling, frowning, clenching fists

5. BIOLOGICAL CAUSES FOR HUMAN BEHAVIOUR REFLEXES A simple unlearned (inherited) act that occurs in response to a specific stimulus Human reflexes are classified as Tendon Reflexes provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous system Biceps reflex Triceps reflex Ankle jerk reflex Blink reflex Orienting reflex Primitive Reflexes displayed by newborn babies but are not seen in adults. Also known as infant or new-born reflex Babinsky reflex Grasp reflex Hand-to-mouth reflex Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex Rooting reflex Step reflex Crawl reflex

6. INSTINCTS Complex inherited patterns of behaviour that are common to all creatures and are associated with specific innate knowledge about how to survive (James, 1890) Animals are born with innate tendencies pre-programmed at birth with the capacity and often times knowledge of how to survive by spinning webs, building nests, avoiding danger, and reproducing Humans have same types of innate tendencies when compared to animals. Babies are born with a unique ability to survive; they are born with the ability to cry. Helps in when to feed the baby, know when he needed changing, or when she wanted attention and affection? Early theorists (James, McDougall) associated enormous tendencies with humans but still not all psychologists believe these tendencies to be instincts

7. IMPRINTING Animal behaviour develops as a result of the interaction between genetic and environmental influences at an early stage of life. (John Bowlby, 1982) Imprinting describes an instinctual, unlearned behaviour that is specific to a species until an animal has been exposed to the stimulus(Releaser), provided the exposure occurs at right period of animal’s life (critical period) According to Lorenz, ducklings and chicks will follow and become attached (socially bonded) to the first moving object they encounter (which usually, but not necessarily, is the mother duck or hen) Imprinting does not occur in the absence of a releaser, or if the releaser is presented too early or too late

8. DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY According to Hull (1940) organisms possess a hierarchy of needs which are aroused under conditions of stimulation and drive NEED (lack of food, lack of water) DRIVE (hunger, thirst) DRIVE REDUCING BEHAVIOR (eating, drinking) We act so as to reduce the push exerted by drives

9. MASLOW’s HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Maslow formulated a hierarchy of biogenic and psychogenic needs, in which certain levels of motives are specified Maslow believed that human motivation is driven by a set of needs The order of development is fixed: a certain level must be attained before the next higher one is activated One must first satisfy basic needs before progressing up the ladder: a starving man shouldn’t be interested in status symbols, friendships or self- fulfilment If we are interested in what actually motivates us and not what has or will, or might motivate us, then a satisfied need is not a motivator

10. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can do, he must do (Maslow ) MASLOW’s HIERARCHY OF NEEDS MASLOW’s HIERARCHY OF NEEDS SELF-ACTUALIZATION The highest and most difficult level to reach It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for one to become actualized in what one is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming If a person has a talent for painting, but they become a doctor, they will be forever frustrated because the need for self-actualization will be hindered According To Rowan (1998), self-actualization is an ongoing search to develop and to grow and the Maslow’s pyramid of hierarchy of needs is misleading as it suggests that there is an end point to personal growth

11. INCENTIVES Incentive theory holds that certain external stimuli act as incentives, pulling us toward some behaviour The basic concept behind the incentive theory is goals intangible (involve awards or something to give public recognition) Incentives may be tangible (involve feeling good about oneself) OROR

12. AROUSAL THEORY Arousal theory holds that we act so as to bring about an optimal level of arousal (Donald Hebb [1955]). When we are too aroused (e.g. hungry) we act to reduce arousal (e.g. eat). When we are not aroused enough (e.g. bored), we act to increase arousal (e.g. read a book) The graph of performance vs arousal is an inverted U: Performance improves with increased arousal up to a point, then it drops off. Optimum performance on an easy task occurs at a higher level of arousal than on a difficult task. Ability to do a menial job may actually be improved by having music on, and so forth Arousal is a term used for a general state of physiological activation. You could think of it as the extent to which your body and mind are "revved up" YERKES-DODSON LAW

13. WHY DO WE DO WHAT WE DO? UNPARALLELED CONNECTION BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURE

14. FEEDBACK