1. Chapter 8 Canada Section 1: Regions of Canada
Section 2: Search for a national identity
Section 3: Canada Today

2. Section 1: Regions of Canada
Learning Objectives
What are the main economic activities in the Atlantic Provinces?
Why have the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence provinces become Canada’s heartland?
What economic activities and patterns of settlement are found in the Prairie Provinces and British Colombia?
How have climate and location affected the development of the northern territories?
Concepts
Province
Maritime
Lock
Bedrock

3. What are the main economic activities in the Atlantic Provinces?
Atlantic Provinces (maritime’s) made up of Newfoundland/Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick
Fishing
World richest areas for Cod, shrimp, and crab
Farming/Forestry
Fruit, vegetable, and dairy farming where supported
Prince Edward Island well suited for farming
Milder climates and Longer Growing seasons
Tourism
Rugged coastlines and scenic hills make tourism popular

4. Why have the Great Lakes-St
Why have the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence provinces become Canada’s heartland?
Great Lakes – St. Lawrence provinces
Core of Canada’s Population and Economic Activity
60% of population live in these regions
3 Distinct Landscapes
Canadian Shield= rich mineral deposits
Hudson Bay lowlands= flat sparsely populated
St. Lawrence Lowlands= rich soil mild climate for farming
Ontario’s Importance
System of Waterways allows large volume of goods
Central location (nationally, economically, industrially)
Rich Soils and abundant mineral resources
Quebec’s Importance
SE and Canadian Shield are centers for mining/forestry
Unique Cultural importance; French-Canadian population

5. What economic activities and patterns of settlement are found in the Prairie Provinces and British Colombia?
Made up of Alberta, Manitoba, & Saskatchewan
“Prairie Provinces” b/c of rolling fields of wheat
Patterns of Settlement
½ of Regions Pop. Live in Cities
Largest cities strategic points along railroads.
Alberta and Saskatchewan major est.’d on major railroads/rivers
Main Idea: Settlement patterns in the “Prairie Provinces” are centered around rail-roads, which reflects the importance of agriculture to the region
Many retire in Vancouver b/c of desirable climate and beauty
Economic Activities
Farming
Provinces provide most of Canada’s Grain and Cattle
Wheat= major agricultural crop.
Tourism
Many magnificent parks b/c of Rocky Mtns.
Oil
Discovery of oil led to growth in wealth and cities like Edmonton and Calgary
British Columbia
Tourism= beautiful cities, memorable attractions
Natural Resources= Salmon, forests, minerals
Hosts Canada’s major port on Pacific Ocean, grown rapidly b/c of Trade w/ Asia

6. How have climate and location affected the development of the northern territories?
Northern territories made up of Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, and the newer Nunavut.
40% of Canada’s Land mass
Less than 1% of Canada’s Population
Harsh climates and Rugged lands
Difficult to reach rich mineral wealth of region
Includes gold, silver, and copper as 3 key minerals
Climate/Terrain make land difficult to mine and transport the region.

7. Section 2: Search for a national identity
Concepts
Separatism
Secede
Learning Objectives
What are the historical roots of Canada’s major culture groups?
Why is Quebec the scene of conflict between two cultures?
How does the multicultural nature of Canada’s population represent its policy of welcoming diversity while promoting unity?

8. What are the historical roots of Canada’s major culture groups?
First Canadians
1st to live in Canada were the Inuit and Native Americans who migrated
Later European powers of England and France
Colonial Rivals
France and England colonists began fierce competition
Over fur trade and the land
Four wars over regions b.t. two left England with sole control in 1763.
Canada became own governing country in 1867, but ties still remain to Britain
Section 2

9. Why is Quebec the scene of conflict between two cultures?
France lost empire to Britain
70,000+ French colonists still remained
Over ¼ of population is French-Canadian
Majority of French speaking Canadians live in Quebec
Laws to protect integrity of French-Canadians
Able to keep language, laws, and culture
Many French Canadians today feel discriminated against for their ancestry
Separatism
Quebecois (French speaking citizens) begin pressing for changes that would maintain the French Culture
Gov’t of Quebec made French official language
Led to english speaking people/businesses to leave area and hurt economy
Secede
1995 referendum nearly passes that would have made Quebec own country

10. How does the multicultural nature of Canada’s population represent its policy of welcoming diversity while promoting unity?
Multicultural Society
Inuit's= 41,000
Native Canadians = 554,000
European descents make up roughly 87%
New Influx of immigrants from Asia
Uniting a region
Done through transportation and communication links
Attempts to continue communication with remote regions of country are helping their unity as a whole
Section 2

11. Secede
To withdraw formally from membership in a political or religious organization
Section 2

12. Separatism
Movement to win political, religious, or ethnic independence from another group
Section 2

13. Section 3: Canada Today Concepts Learning Objectives Customs
Tariff
NAFTA
Learning Objectives
What geographic challenges does Canada face today with respect to its future development?
What is Canada’s relationship with the U.S.?
How is Canada linked to other countries in the rest of the world?

14. What geographic challenges does Canada face today with respect to its future development?
Natural Resources
Attempts to balance natural resource use and preservation of environment
Above ground pipeline minimizes permafrost destruction, but creates barriers to the migration of arctic animals
Ways to produce wood without destroying forests
Over-fishing has led to banning of fishing certain species
Urbanization
Mass movement to Cities; 20 with over 100,000
Challenges created by Urbanization
Providing housing and services, controlling pollution, and preventing over-crowding
Section 3

15. What is Canada’s relationship with the U.S.?
U.S./Canada has longest undefended border in the world.
Cultural Links
Exchange of radio and television programs near borders
Participation of teams in both nations in pro leagues
Economic Links
Canada’s imports = nearly 25% of U.S. exports
U.S. imports= nearly 85% of Canada’s Exports
NAFTA links both nations through trade
Section 3

16. How is Canada linked to other countries in the rest of the world?
Location
Atlantic and Pacific ports give it access to trade with both Europe and Asia
Membership in the Commonwealth of Nations
Gives it links with developing countries and a favorable trading position with members of the European Community
Peacemaker
Very active Foreign policy based on removing the causes of war, not power, for peace
Active in promoting arms control and disarmament
Section 3

17. Customs
Fees charged by one country’s government on goods people bring in from other countries
Section 3

18. Tariffs Taxes on imports. Cause price of imports goods to rise
Section 3

19. NAFTA
Free Trade Agreement designed to establish a free trade zone across all of N. America
Section 3

20. Territory governed as a political division of a country
Province
Chapter 8
Territory governed as a political division of a country

21. Lock
Chapter 8
Enclosed section of a canal, in which a ship may be raised/lowered by raising/lowering level of water in that section

22. Bordering on or near the sea; relating to navigation or shipping
Maritime
Chapter 8
Bordering on or near the sea; relating to navigation or shipping

23. Bedrock
Chapter 8
Solid rock underlying the earth’s surface