1. Exploring place and time dynamics of vandalism in a Scottish Context

2. Why am I interested in Vandalism and Crime and Place? What questions do I plan to ask? How will I explore it with Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA?

3. Vandalism Motivations to do it? Play Protest Pleasure / Thrill Territorial

4. Vandalism Typology Stan Cohen (1973, 1984) acquisitive tactical vindictive play malicious conventional vandalism ideological vandalism institutionalised rule breaking (tolerated) ritualism e.g. Halloween play protection e.g. public schoolboys writing off (too minor) walling in (e.g. school, prison)

5. Vandalism Motivations to Prevent It Volume crime >20% Social Control Signal Crime Preventing Incivility

6. Place Routine Activities Theory – Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1979 Crime Likely Offender Suitable Target Absence of Capable Guardian Place Time

7. Crime Pattern Theory– Paul Brantingham and Patricia Brantingham

8. Crime and Place Routine Activities, Rational Choice, Crime Pattern Theory Social Disorganisation Tradition (Collective Efficacy) Cultural Criminology (after Anthony Bottoms, 2007) Situational Action Theory of Crime Causation

9. Place Routine Activities Theory – Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson 1979 Vandalism Likely Offender Suitable Target Absence of Capable Guardian Place Time Situational Action Theory Collective Efficacy Temporal Constraint Theory SCP

10. Research Questions Vandalism appears to occur with more frequency at certain places and at certain times, but where, when and why those times and places, in particular? Does vandalism always occur only where there is also other disorder? Do local responses to vandalism affect reporting and recording of vandalism?

11. What is Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA )

12. Tools for EDA and ESDA Spreadsheet s and statistical software e.g. Excel / Open Office calc / SPSS GIS e.g. ArcGIS / MapInfo ESDA packages e.g. Geoda, CrimeStat III, GIS extensions / tools

13. Why study Edinburgh – EDA Comparison - Excel Population of each Local Authority distributed between Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006 groupings (SIMD deciles) Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009

14. Relative Deprivation - ArcGIS

15. ESDA with Brushing and Linking 1 - Geoda Current Income Health Employment Education SIMD Crime Domains not shown: Housing, Geographic Access Data for 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009

16. ESDA with Brushing and Linking 2 - Geoda Worklessness Per working population Vandalism per hectare Housebreaking per dwelling Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009

17. ESDA - Standardisation 2 – Geoda Vandalism per hectare Vandalism per population Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009

18. ESDA - Standardisation 2 – Geoda Vandalism per hectare Vandalism per population For a given area A in Edinburgh – The Standardised rate = Observed rate of A / Expected rate of A Expected rate of A = area of A in hectares * by vandalism per hectare for Edinburgh Observed rate = actual number vandalisms in area A Standardised rate = 1 if the area experiences level of vandalism expected for that area

19. ESDA with Brushing and Linking 3 - Geoda Worklessness Housebreaking Vandalism High value dwellings Data from 2004, Source www.sns.gov.uk accessed February 2009

20. - KDE Mapping and 3D Visualisation Crime Stat III, ArcGIS and ArcScene Other EDA and ESDA Methods - KDE Mapping and Overlay Crime Stat III, ArcGIS - Nearest Neighbour Hierarchical Clustering CrimeStat III, ArcGIS and Excel - Graphs of Time by Hour Excel

21. Thank you Ellie Bates e.j.w.bates@sms.ed.ac.uk Geoda Geoda is free for academic or personal use, or if a US Government employee. All other uses require contacting the authors See:- http://geodacenter.asu.edu/geodasum CRIMESTAT CrimeStat is “intended for the use of law enforcement agencies, criminal justice researchers, and educators. It can be distributed freely for educational or research purposes”. See:- http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CRIMESTAT/index.html