1. The American Colonies Emerge
Chapter 2

2. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Section 1

3. Main Idea
Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish conquered Central America and portions of North America.

4. Why It Matters Now
Spanish language, religion, and architecture continues to influence the Americas

5. Why was Cortés interested in the Aztec empire?
He was interested in the territory and vast wealth of the Aztec empire.

6. What factors enabled the Spaniards to conquer the Aztec?
The Spaniards superior weapons, the diseases that accompanied them, and the support of other native peoples.

7. Why did the Spanish begin to use African slaves on their plantations in the New World?
They needed the slaves to work in the mines and plantations after the Spanish monarchy abolished the encomienda.

8. Why did the Spanish build a road between Santa Fe and Mexico City?
As a means by which goods could be transported back and forth.

9. Why did the Native Americans of New Mexico revolt against the Spanish settlers?
The settlers had forced the Native Americans to pay tribute. Those who failed to pay or who were caught practicing their native religion were abused physically.

10. Spain established a profitable empire in the Americas
Cortés conquers the Aztec
Spain took gold and silver from Mexico
Spaniards established the encomienda system
Many natives died from disease
Spaniards established settlements from Mexico north to Florida and New Mexico

11. Do you agree or disagree with the statement:
The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, which led to the creation of Mexico, was neither a triumph nor a defeat?

12. If you agree:
Large mestizo population in Mexico – reflecting mixed Spanish and native heritage

13. If you disagree:
The native peoples were conquered by force, depleted by disease, and subjugated under a harsh labor system, and therefore had little choice but to submit to Spanish influence.

14. The Spaniards’ exploration and settlement north of Mexico and their interaction with Native Americans there
Early Spanish explorers failed to find much gold, so settlement was limited to far-flung missions and defensive outposts.
Spanish missionaries provided Native Americans with material goods, education, and protection, but sometimes abused them and suppressed their culture.
Some Native Americans converted to Christianity, but others resisted violently

15. What can you infer from the fact that approximately 17,000 Native Americans from all over New Mexico took part in Popé’s rebellion?
The Native Americans were well organized.
The Spanish priests had alienated a large number of Native Americans during the previous decades.

16. Geography Skill Builder
Page 39

17. How many voyages to the Americas did Columbus make?
Four

18. In what years did England and France sail to the Americas and which regions did they explore?
English
1497, 1609, and 1610
They explored the east coast and upper Canada
French
1524 and
In 1673 and 1682, they explored parts of Canada and the mid-western and southern United States

19. An English Settlement at Jamestown
Section 2

20. Main Idea
The first permanent English settlement in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

21. Why It Matters Now
English colonies in Virginia developed into the present states of the southern United States

22. What factors contributed to the near failure of Jamestown?
Disease, the unwillingness of many colonists to work, and the hostile actions of the Powhatan.

23. Why was tobacco so important to the Jamestown colony?
Tobacco became very popular in Europe and proved to be a high profitable cash crop.

24. How did the conditions of indentured servitude differ from those of the headright system?
The headright system allowed settlers to purchase their own land. Indentured servants worked for a landowner for a limited period of time, usually four to seven years.

25. What factors led to the importation of slaves to Virginia?
As the number of indentured servants in the colony declined, colonists needed laborers to work the tobacco plantations.
An increase in wealth enabled them to pay for more expensive slave imported from the Caribbean

26. Why were the colonists in conflict with Powhatan?
Still angry because of Powhatan’s treatment of them during the Starving Time, the settlers began demanding tribute.
Plus, the colonists kept moving further and further into Powhatan territory

27. Why was Nathaniel Bacon frustrated with Governor Berkley?
Bacon, like many settlers, was frustrated because Berkley had levied taxes on poor settlers and failed to use the money he gained from those taxes to build forts and protest settlers from hostile Native Americans.

28. Timeline of the major developments in the colonization of Virginia
1607 – Jamestown founded
1609 – The Starving Time began
1612 – John Rolfe developed new strain of tobacco
1618 – Headright system introduced
1619 – first slaves arrived in Virginia and House of Burgesses first met
1622 – Chief Opechancanough led raids on settlers
1624 – King James I made Virginia a royal colony
1675 – Fighting erupts between settlers and Native Americans
1676 – Bacon’s Rebellion

29. The success of tobacco farming in Virginia had wide-ranging effects.
Jamestown colonists – revived a failing colony
Indentured servants – provided the possibility for work and new life
Powhatan – tobacco required much land which the colonists took from them
Planters – gained most of the tobacco wealth

30. The following lines appear in Michael Drayton’s 1606 poem, “To the Virginian Voyage”
“When as the luscious smell of that delicious land Above the sea that flows The clear wind throws Your hearts to swell”

31. What do these lines tell you about the expectations many colonists had before they arrived in Virginia?
The poem suggests an idealized land, where rich harvests provided a “delicious” smell, the wind is “clear,” and invigorating but not oppressive, where hopes and dreams are possible.

32. Puritan New England
Section 3

33. Main Idea
English Puritans came to North America, beginning in 1620.

34. Why It Matters Now
The United States continues to use an expanded form of representative government begun by the Puritans.

35. How were the Separatists different from other Puritans?
Separatists wanted to separate from the Anglican Church, the state church of England. Other Puritans wanted only to reform the Anglican Church from within.

36. Why did the Puritans leave England?
Some Puritans, such as the “Pilgrims,” left to break with the Church of England. Other Puritans left to escape political, social, and economic turmoil.

37. Who could vote in Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Stockholders in the Massachusetts Bay Company and all adult males who belonged to the Puritan church.

38. What two principles did Providence guarantee that Massachusetts Bay did not?
Separation of church and state
Religious freedom

39. How did Native Americans view land treaties?
Native Americans believed that land treaties were agreements to share, not own, the land, and for a limited period of time.

40. Cause and Effect Cause Effect Persecution of Puritans in England
Puritan immigration to New England
Puritan belief in hard work
Rapid growth and success of Massachusetts Bay
Roger Williams’s dissenting beliefs
Founding of Rhode Island based on his principles
Rapid colonial expansion in New England
Conflict with Native Americans
Defeat of King Philip
End of Native American power in southeastern New England

41. Anne Hutchinson
Puritans believed their way of worship was the only way, that their leaders carried out God’s will, and that society needed to be tightly knit and behavior strictly controlled.
Puritans leaders may have felt especially threatened by Hutchinson’s views because she was a woman and the church and society were male-dominated.

42. Settlement of the Middle Colonies
Section 4

43. Main Idea
The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers led by William Penn settle Pennsylvannia.

44. Why It Matters Now
The principles of tolerance and equality promoted in the Quaker settlement remain fundamental values in America.

45. What were the important characteristics of the colony of New Netherland?
Ethnic diversity
Religious tolerance
Generally good relations with Native Americans

46. How did the Quaker beliefs compare to the Puritan beliefs?
Both groups believed in a personal experience of God.
However, Puritans had ministers while the Quakers did not

47. How did Penn’s attitudes and actions toward the Native Americans differ from those of the Puritans?
Penn desired to gain respect and friendship and paid Native Americans for their land.
Puritans generally viewed Native Americans as heathens controlled by evil and eventually set out to remove or destroy them.

48. New Netherland
To attract settlers, the Dutch of New Netherland opened their colony to people of all backgrounds, including free Africans.
Williams Penn followed the Dutch example in Pennsylvania.
From these actions resulted colonies of extraordinary diversity and vitality.

49. Where’d the come from and what’s their name?
Origin
Name of Group
England
English
Netherlands
Dutch
Sweden
Swedes
Finland
Finns
Germany
Germans
France
French
Scandinavia
Scandinavians
Europe
Europeans
Africa
Africans

50. Colonial Meeting Houses (page 57)
Both favor a simple, unadorned exterior and interior. Both are “meetinghouses” that resemble regular houses. Puritans had pulpits which emphasized the importance of their ministers; Quakers had seats that faced each other so that anyone in the congregation could participate in the service.
The central aisle leads to the alter which is separated by a screen. The well-to-do had highly decorated pews in accordance with their socioeconomic status.

51. Compare New Netherland and Pennsylvania
New Netherland only – founded by the Dutch and built on fur trade
Both – attracted colonists from many ethnic groups, practiced religious toleration, became a proprietary colony, established good relations with Native Americans
Pennsylvania only – shaped by Quaker ideals, avoided a land-owning aristocracy

52. Both New Netherland and Pennsylvania encouraged settlers to come from all over western Europe.
Do you think this was a good decision for these colonies? Why or why not?

53. Good decision Bad decision
Both colonies prospered and they both practiced religious toleration
Bad decision
Dutch were unable to hold New Netherland and the Quakers on whose principles the “holy experiment” was founded – soon became the minority.

54. How did William Penn succeed in achieving his goals for Pennsylvania, and how did he fail?
Penn established freedom of religion and a representative assembly, practiced religious tolerance, and maintained peace between colonists and Native Americans for 50 years.
Penn did not profit financially, Quakers became a minority, and slavery was introduced.

55. Other colonies
Maryland – Lord Baltimore set it up as a haven for Catholics
King Charles II awarded territory that would become North and South Carolina

56. Georgia James Ogelthorpe Wanted it to be a haven for debtors
Prohibited slavery and the drinking of rum
English officials hoped that Georgia would buffer the rest of the colonies from Spanish Florida