2. Emergent (self-organizing) and/or deliberately designed

3. What Are Norms? Norms: Consensual and often implicit standards that describe what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context.

4. FeatureDescription Descriptive describe how most members act, feel, and think Consensual shared among group members, rather than personal, idiosyncratic beliefs Injunctive (or normative) define which behaviors are "bad" or "wrong" and which are "good" or "acceptable" Prescriptive set the standards for expected behaviors Proscriptive identify behaviors that should not be performed Informal describe the unwritten rules of conduct in the group Implicit often so taken for granted members follow them automatically Self-generating emerge as members reach a consensus through reciprocal influence Stable once they develop, resistant to change and passed from current members to new members

5. Development of Norms Sherif’s studies of the development of norms in groups –Convergence in actions, thoughts, and emotions occurs over time

6. Sherif's (1936) autokinetic effect studies Judged distance a dot of light moved in a darkened room

7. Autokinetic effect: the stationary dot of light will seem to move It moved about 3.5 inches

8. What if people make their judgments with others, and state estimates aloud? Looks like 1 inch I’d say 2 inches7.5 inches

9. Conformity! Initially, they differ; but over trials, they converge Person A Person B Person C Convergence Alone Group Session 1 Group Session 3 Group Session 2 Average distance estimates

10. Sherif verified that norms form spontaneously and indirectly Consensualshared among group members, rather than personal, idiosyncratic beliefs Implicitoften so taken for granted members follow them automatically Self-generatingemerge as members reach a consensus through reciprocal influence Stableonce they develop, resistant to change and passed from current members to new members Do Norms Sometimes Take on a “life of their own”?

11. Sherif put in a confederate in some groups who made exaggerated distance judgments others conformed Confederate Person B Person C Alone Group Session 1 Group Session 3 Group Session 2 Average distance estimates

12. Even when the confederate was replaced, the norm remained Person B Person D Person C Group Session 4 Group Session 1 Group Session 3 Group Session 2 Average distance estimates New member

13. The exaggerated norm lasted for many “generations” of replacements Person C Person F Person D Group Session 4 Group Session 1 Group Session 3 Group Session 2 Average distance estimates

14. Sherif’s studies of the development of norms in groups - Members often internalize these consensual standards - Result: norms are self-generating and stable Examples Eating disorders in groups (binging, purging, excessive exercise) Alcohol use on college campuses (Perkins and “social norm interventions”)

15. What Are Roles? Roles: The types of behaviors expected of individuals who occupy particular positions within the group (e.g., roles in a play) –Independent of individuals –Flexible, to an extent –Structure interaction, create patterns of action

16. What Are Roles? Role differentiation: The emergence and patterning of role-related actions –Task roles pertain to the work of the group –Relationship roles pertain to relations among members. –Roles tend to become specialized over time –Task and relationship role demands tend to be incompatible with one another

17. What Are Roles? Moreland and Levine's group socialization theory –Types of members: prospective, new, full, marginal, and former (ex-member) –Phases: investigation, socialization, maintenance, resocialization, and remembrance –Processes: recruitment/reconnaissance, accommodation/assimilation, role negotiation, tradition/reminiscence –Transition points: entry, acceptance, divergence, exit

19. What Are Roles? Role stress –Role ambiguity –Role conflict (interrole conflict and intrarole conflict) –Role fit

20. What Are Status Networks? Status network: Stable pattern of variations in authority and power

21. What Are Status Networks? Status differentiation –Competition for status (pecking orders) –Perceptions of status –Expectation-states theory: diffuse and specific status characteristics

22. What Are Status Networks? Status generalization: when irrelevant characteristics influence status allocation –Minorities, solos denied status –Online groups and the status equalization effect

23. What Are Attraction Networks? Attraction network (sociometric structure): Stable patterns of liking-disliking

24. What Are Attraction Networks? Sociometric differentiation –Types of group members: stars, rejected, neglected –Features: reciprocity, transitivity, homophily (clusters) –Heider's balance theory: likes and dislikes are balanced B A C + + + B A C + + - B A C - - +

25. What Are Attraction Networks? What factors predict sociometric standing? –Having socially attractive qualities (e.g., cooperativeness or physical appeal) –Person-group fit

26. What Are Communication Networks? Communication network: formal and informal paths that define who speaks to whom most frequently

27. What Are Communication Networks? –Types: wheel, comcon, chain, circle –Centralized vs. uncentralized

29. What Are Communication Networks? Network and location in the network influences many processes –Information saturation: centralized networks are most efficient unless information overload –Individuals who occupy more central positions are more influential (and more satisfied) than those located at the periphery. –Hierarchical networks and information flow: More information flows downward and unrealistically positive information flows upward