1. JIHAD & COLONIALISM ‘Abd al-Q ādir in Algeria (1808-1883) M. Ahmad al-Mahdi, 1844-1885 The Mahdist Movement in Sudan

2. THE OTTOMAN JIHAD DECLARATION IN 1914 The Ottoman declared Jihad against the allies of World War 1 on November 11, 1914 The Ottoman declared Jihad against the allies of World War 1 on November 11, 1914 The Jihad declaration was accompanied by the five connected fatwās: The Jihad declaration was accompanied by the five connected fatwās: Question: “When it occurs that enemies attack the Islamic world…, has Jihad then become incumbent upon all Muslims and has it become an individual duty for all Muslims…to hasten to partake Jihad with their goods and money? Answer: Yes.” Question: “When it occurs that enemies attack the Islamic world…, has Jihad then become incumbent upon all Muslims and has it become an individual duty for all Muslims…to hasten to partake Jihad with their goods and money? Answer: Yes.” Question: “…Is it also incumbent upon all Muslims that are being ruled by these governments” (England, Russia, France) “to proclaim Jihad against them and to attack them? Answer: Yes.” Question: “…Is it also incumbent upon all Muslims that are being ruled by these governments” (England, Russia, France) “to proclaim Jihad against them and to attack them? Answer: Yes.”

3. THE OTTOMAN JIHAD DECLARATION IN 1914 Question: “If some Muslims, now that the attainment of the aim depends on the fact that all Muslims hasten to partake in the Jihad, refrain from doing so, is this then, a great sin and do they deserve Divine wrath and punishment for their horrible sin? Answer: Yes”. Question: “If some Muslims, now that the attainment of the aim depends on the fact that all Muslims hasten to partake in the Jihad, refrain from doing so, is this then, a great sin and do they deserve Divine wrath and punishment for their horrible sin? Answer: Yes”. Question: “If the states…that are fighting against the Islamic government compel and force their Muslim population by [threatening them] to kill them and even to exterminate all members of their families, is it even…absolutely forbidden for them to fight against the troops of the Islamic countries and do they deserve the hell-fire, having become murderers? Answer: Yes” Question: “If the states…that are fighting against the Islamic government compel and force their Muslim population by [threatening them] to kill them and even to exterminate all members of their families, is it even…absolutely forbidden for them to fight against the troops of the Islamic countries and do they deserve the hell-fire, having become murderers? Answer: Yes” Question: “Is it…a great sin to fight against Germany and Austria which are the allies of the Supreme Islamic Government and do they deserve a painful punishment in the Hereafter? Answer: Yes.” Question: “Is it…a great sin to fight against Germany and Austria which are the allies of the Supreme Islamic Government and do they deserve a painful punishment in the Hereafter? Answer: Yes.”

4. ‘Uthmān b. Fūdī (Arabic) was born in December 15, 1754 at Maratta near Konni, Nigeria. ‘Uthmān b. Fūdī (Arabic) was born in December 15, 1754 at Maratta near Konni, Nigeria. He studied theology, philosophy and other subjects in classical Islams. He studied theology, philosophy and other subjects in classical Islams. He was a follower of the Maliki school in law and the Qadiri order in Sufism. The Qadiriyya order was associated with its founder, ‘Abd al-Qadir Jailani, with an emphasis on purification of the self and the sole concentration on God. He was a follower of the Maliki school in law and the Qadiri order in Sufism. The Qadiriyya order was associated with its founder, ‘Abd al-Qadir Jailani, with an emphasis on purification of the self and the sole concentration on God. In February 1804, he was appointed as the first “leader” (imām) and “leader of the believers” (amīr al-mu’minīn) at the “Sokoto caliphate.” From 1804 to 1808, he led Jihad against the existing sultanates in Housaland and Bornu, Nigeria. In February 1804, he was appointed as the first “leader” (imām) and “leader of the believers” (amīr al-mu’minīn) at the “Sokoto caliphate.” From 1804 to 1808, he led Jihad against the existing sultanates in Housaland and Bornu, Nigeria. His vision of Jihad—Bayan Wujub al-Hijra ‘ala al-’Ibād (1806). His vision of Jihad—Bayan Wujub al-Hijra ‘ala al-’Ibād (1806). Hijra Hijra Apocalyptic Dimension Apocalyptic Dimension THE JIHAD OF USMAN DAN FODIO (1754-1817)

5. THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1919-1924) A movement amongst the Muslims of British India to ensure that the British, victors of the World War 1, kept a promise made at Versailles. A movement amongst the Muslims of British India to ensure that the British, victors of the World War 1, kept a promise made at Versailles. The promise was the Caliphate, then claimed by the Ottoman emperor, would not be abolished. The promise was the Caliphate, then claimed by the Ottoman emperor, would not be abolished. Maulana Mohammad Ali (1878-1931) Maulana Shaukat Ali (1873-1938)

6. What are the Differences between these Interpretations of Jihad and the Classical Doctrine ? Who is the enemy? Who is the enemy? What is a type of Jihad? What is a type of Jihad? Who is a Fighter? Who is a Fighter?

7. ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW BELLUM JUSTUM BELLUM JUSTUM The Arab Court of Justice The Arab Court of Justice The early origins dated back to the Preparatory Committee of the Plenary Arab Conference (Sept.-Oct. 1944), and its discussions were followed in the Political Sub-Committee (February 1945). The early origins dated back to the Preparatory Committee of the Plenary Arab Conference (Sept.-Oct. 1944), and its discussions were followed in the Political Sub-Committee (February 1945). The Iraqi delegation in the Political Sub-Committee proposed a draft Pact: The Iraqi delegation in the Political Sub-Committee proposed a draft Pact: Article 13: “The League Council shall draft a project for an Arab Court of Justice, the decisions of which shall be binding…” Article 13: “The League Council shall draft a project for an Arab Court of Justice, the decisions of which shall be binding…” Of the main issues were the settlement and legal disputes among the Arab States. Of the main issues were the settlement and legal disputes among the Arab States. The Arab Court of Justice would establish juridical supremacy and guarantee respect for the rule of law and justice within the Arab League. The Arab Court of Justice would establish juridical supremacy and guarantee respect for the rule of law and justice within the Arab League.