2. The War for Europe & Africa U.S. History 1/14

3. War Plans December 22, 1941- Winston Churchill arrives at the White House. Spends 3 weeks working out war plans with FDR

4. Battle of the Atlantic Germany attacks Allied shipping in the Atlantic. First 4 months of 1942, U.S. looses 87 ships off the Atlantic shore. By July German “Wolf Packs” had sunk 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic. Battle of the Atlantic

5. U.S. Strategy in Atlantic Organized ships into “convoys” protected by warships. Used new “sonar” and airplanes to spot submarines and destroy them. By spring 1943, German Admiral Karl Doenitz reports U-Boat loses had “reached an unbearable height!”

11. After the Nazis invade the USSR in June 1941, Stalin joins the Allies. U.S., Soviet Union, Great Britain. Stalin urgently wanted U.S. to open a “second front” in Europe to relieve pressure on Soviets.

12. Axis Powers Nazi Germany Fascist Italy Imperial Japan

14. The Battle of Stalingrad Summer 1942, Germany advances to take oil fields in southern Soviet Union. August 1942 approach Stalingrad. With the help of the winter weather, Soviets counterattack and surround and defeat German troops.

16. Feb. 1943, terrible defeat for Germany “Turning point” of war in Europe. First time German advance defeated Over 1,100,000 Soviet soldiers dead- more than all American deaths for entire war. Soviets begin to move westward towards Germany. stalingrad

20. American Landings 1942- North Africa- “Operation Torch” help Allies defeat German tanks controlling desert areas. Operation Torch 1943- Italy- Help Allies defeat Mussolini 1944 France - “D-Day” Second Front finally opened beginning Liberation of France

21. Dwight D. Eisenhower Commander of American forces in Africa and Europe. Military operations begin November 1942 Will become 34 th President of United States after war in the 1950’s

22. Unconditional Surrender 1943 conference held between FDR and Winston Churchill. Allies agree the only acceptable surrender terms for Germany would be “without any conditions”.

23. Italy Liberated Summer 1943 Sicily captured. July 1943 Mussolini forced to resign and is captured. Germans continue to fight in Italy until 1945. FDR Speech