2. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

3. Cryptosporidium parvum  Infect human and most mammals.  The infective stage is oocyst containing sporozoites measuring 4-6µ in diameter.  The diagnostics stage is sporulated oocyst containing 4 sporozoites.  Diagnosis: – Detecting oocyst in stool. – Acid-fast stain. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

4. The most common method of diagnosing Cryptosporidiosis is acid-fast staining methods or the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst

5. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

7. Isospora belli Isosporiasis is a human intestinal disease caused by the parasite Isospora belli. The coccidian parasite Isospora belli infects the epithelial cells of the small intestine, and is the least common of the three intestinal coccidia that infect humans. Infection causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss. In immunodepressed patients, and in infants and children, the diarrhea can be severe. Eosinophilia may be present (differently from other protozoan infections). Diagnosis: – Acid- fast stain Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

8. Isospora belli oocyst Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

10. Trichinella spiralis

11. Cause trichinosis, trichiniasis or trichinelliasis.. Adult inhabit the small intestine of the rats and pigs. Both males and females lie freely in the lumen of the intestine of pigs and rats. Fertilized female only penetrate the mucosa where the larviposit, they do not lay eggs. Larvae is the infective stage, live encysted in the flesh of the host, and they represent the infective stage. Human infected by eating undercooked pork containing infective encysted larvae. Human is dead end host. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

12. C ontinue……….. Diagnosis: – By finding the adult parasites in early days of infection. – Finding larvae in the blood during migration or in muscle after encystation. – Immunological tests. – X- ray to detect the calcified larvae in muscle. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

13. Trichinella spiralis larvae encysted in muscle Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

15. Entrobius vermicularis

16. Also named as human pin worm and seat worm, cause oxyurdiasis. Young and mature worms are present in small intestine (at terminal ileum till fertilization). Gravid females are present at lower rectum where they lay ova at perianal region around anus (oviparous). The female is 0.88-1.3 cm long, it has a long tapering tail resembling 1/3 its length, its strait. The male is shorter than female (2-5 mm) the tail is curved strongly to ventral side, and has a single spicule. Infective stage: Embryonated Eggs. Definitive host: human. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

17. Continue……… Diagnosis: – Egg in stool is rarely detected but adults present after purgative. – Egg can be detected at perianal area as follow: N.I.H method (National Institute of Health), its based on swabbing the perianal area with a cellophane paper. The adhesive cellulose tape (scotch tape), better result. The Vaseline cloth wiping, the collected ova examined. Egg morphology: – 20-50u, transparent with double walled shell, it may show one side convex and the other flat. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

18. Entrobius vermicularis Eggs

19. Entrobius vermicularis Adult Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 malefemale

20. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

21. Trichuris trichiura

22. Its commonly called whip worm because of the shape of this worm (anterior thin and posterior thick). Adult inhabit the large intestine in the caecum of man. The adult male smaller than female, male 3.4-4.5 cm, female 4-5 cm. Trichuris trichiura eggs have distinct shape. (oviparous) Diagnosis: – Stool examination to detect eggs. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

23. Trichuris trichiura Eggs Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

24. Trichuris trichiura Adult Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

27. Strongyloides stercoralis Adults lives in the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum), fertilized females are deeply embedded in the mucosa, where they also oviposit. Male have a pointed curved tail associated with two spicules. Female have straight tail without spicules. In contrast to the Anclystoma spp., both sexes have short buccal cavity. Infective stage: Filariform larvae. Diagnosis: Based on recovery of the rhabditiform larvae passed in stool. If diarrhea is present, eggs may also be recovered. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

28. Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 Rhabditiform Filariform

29. S. Stercoralis Adult Male Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 spicules

30. S. Stercoralis Adult Female Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

33. Ancylostoma duodenalae (Hookworm) Inhabit human intestine ( jejunum, ileum, and rarely duodenum ) and cause Anclystomiasis. Male shorter than female and have copulatory bursa and two spicules. Female is long and has pointed end. Both sexes have long buccal cavity with two pairs of teeth. Infective stage: Filariform larvae. Diagnosis: – Based on finding ova in fresh stool sample. – In old sample, larvae present and must be differentiated from larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

34. Hookworm Eggs Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 Hook worm eggs like insects or mites egg, therefore must be differentiated Mites eggHook worm eggPlant material

35. Hookworm Larvae Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 Filariform Rhabditiform

36. Hookworm Adult Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 Male Female

37. Ancylostoma duodenalae copulatry burasa Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

38. Ancylostoma duodenalae buccal capsule Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012

39. Comparison between Ancylostoma duodenalae and Necator americanus Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 Ancylostoma duodenalaeNecator americanus Old world hookwormNew world hookworm Larger (male 8-11mm)Smaller (male 7-9mm) Anterior end bent in same direction of general curvature of body Anterior end bent in opposite direction of general curvature of body Prominent buccal capsule with 2 pairs of teeth Smaller buccal capsule with 2 pairs of semilunar cutting plates Copulatory spicules not fusedCopulatory spicules fused at ends to form a barbed tip

41. Copulatory bursa vs Copulatory Spicules Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012 Necator americanus copulatory spiculesAncylostoma duodenalae copulatory spicules

42. Comparison between S. stercoralis and Hookworm Raed Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab.,2012