1. © 2004 MBARI Real-time Over-the-horizon Communications for MBARI's Ocean Observing System SM M B A R I

2. © 2004 MBARI Introduction

3. © 2004 MBARI Introduction

4. © 2004 MBARI Introduction MBARI Ocean Observing System (MOOS) –Buoy –AUV Dock –Benthic Instrument Node (BIN) Stand-alone remotely deployable cabled observatory Delivers OEM cable to seafloor –(Optical, Electrical, Mechanical) –Good to 4km depth Targets low/mid-latitude deployments

5. © 2004 MBARI MOOS – MTM2

6. © 2004 MBARI Relevent MOOS System Requirements Readily configurable / expandable –Compatible with MARS/other cabled observatories Portable Large data storage capacity Real-time interaction Event response –Signal to shore –Initiate predefined actions Affordable

7. © 2004 MBARI Targeted MBARI Science Meteorological Upper Water Column (UWC) –Nutrient supply impact on community structure –Carbon export from euphotic zone to deep sea –Ocean fertilization processes Benthic –Microbial processes –Fluid fluxes –Geologic activity

8. © 2004 MBARI California Coast Juan de Fuca Outer Monterey Bay NE Pacific Rise Benthic Primary Site Benthic Secondary Site Upper WC Primary Site Target Deployment Locations

9. © 2004 MBARI MSE 2005 UWC Science Instruments WHOI ASIMET Suite –WND, HRH, SWR, LWR MBARI Delta pCO 2 7x HOBILabs HydroRad & HydroScat 11x Seabird CTD RDI ADCP MBARI Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) MBARI Bathyphotometer MBARI OSMO

10. © 2004 MBARI MSE 2005 Surface-Node Block Diagram

11. © 2004 MBARI MSE 2005 Benthic Science Instruments Seabird CTD Wetlabs ECO BBD & FLD RDI ADCP MBARI ISUS MBARI OSMO MBARI SEISMO Prime Focus Sediment Trap MBARI Respirometer Vertical Profiler MBARI Seafloor Cam

12. © 2004 MBARI Instrument Sample Schedule Instruments powered/sampled periodically –Most every 10 minutes –Some every hour –Few continuously

13. © 2004 MBARI Data Requirements – As Planned Multi-scale Oceanographic Processes: 3.3MB/day Canyon Processes – Normal: 257kB/day Canyon Processes – Event: 1.3MB/day Active Mid-Ocean Ridge: 71.3MB/day Benthic Carbon Cycles: 3.3MB/day Standardized Baseline: 1MB/day

14. © 2004 MBARI MOOS Mooring Controller (MMC) CPU based on Intel StrongARM –Embedded Linux RTOS running Java application Java RMI Provides telemetry services: –Retrieval –Archival –Transmission control –Bi-directional shore/instrument interface –Up to 12A per channel power switching/isolation Multinode support via copper/fiber Ethernet

15. © 2004 MBARI Radio Integration RF Interface Card (RFIO) –Two ‘9-pin’ RS-232 ports 1 Primary radio –buoy  shore 1 Secondary radio –buoy  buoy –buoy  AUV –buoy  ship –Isolated 10W power supply –Separate ground-fault detector

16. © 2004 MBARI Buoy / Seafloor Network Primarily Star Topology

17. © 2004 MBARI Buoy/Shore Network

18. © 2004 MBARI Telemetry - Data Publishing Buoy dials shore modem periodically Buoy establishes PPP link to portal computer –Portal publishes buoy DNS information Buoy publishes recently archived data on portal Buoy disconnects Portal publishes data to shore-side data system (SSDS) through firewall

19. © 2004 MBARI Telemetry – Instrument Services Buoy dials shore modem periodically –Or RF reset initiated Buoy establishes PPP link to portal computer –Portal publishes buoy DNS information Shore computer opens remote console on buoy via ssh Shore computer establishes console to instrument –Remote instrument configuration –Remote instrument diagnostics –Remote driver updates –Add instrument and remotely start instrument service –Etc.

20. © 2004 MBARI Systems Considered Iridium Globalstar

21. © 2004 MBARI Deployment Location Evaluation

22. © 2004 MBARI Data Transmission Price - Planned Iridium @ 2.4kbps Globalstar @ 7.4kbps

23. © 2004 MBARI Globalstar Testing & Integration Qualcomm GSP-1620 Prevco housing –PVC case –Acrylic window Data port to MMC RFIO Testing results –Reliable 7.6kbps for IP traffic over PPP link –No significant impact seen from buoy motion simulation

24. © 2004 MBARI Globalstar Integration - EMC Transmitters –BT Console: 2.4GHz –Globalstar: 1.6GHz –Freewave: 900MHz –ARGOS: 401MHz Receivers –Globalstar: 2.4GHz –BT Console: 2.4GHz –GPS: 1.575GHz –RF Reset: 929MHz –Freewave: 900MHz Separated Globalstar & GPS by 1.2m –Requires >0.76m separation Console & RF Reset separated by 2m Removed Bluetooth Console Repeater

25. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing NAL Research –9500 Iridium Modem Model CDM9500I35-I Fixed Mast Antenna Model SAF5350 –+0.5dB 0° to 40° –+1.5dB 40° to 70° –+0.5dB 70° to 80° –+0.0dB 80° to 90° – -2.0dB 90° to 110° –Buoy spends most time between 0° and 20° ASIMET WND data from MTM2

26. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing Results FTP’d multiple small files of varying formats –.zip,.jpg,.gif,.pdf,.txt,.rtf,.c,.tar,.gzip –Filesizes from 1.5kB to 15.0kB Tilted antenna to predefined heading and angle to simulate buoy motion –Dial-up only Transferred large text files –100kB to 1MB

27. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing Results – Small Files “Dial-up data” service (tested in Linux) –AVE: 2.04kbps, MAX: 6.00kbps, MIN: 1.28kbps “Direct Internet” service (tested in Windows) –Compression from Brand Communications –AVE: 6.76kbps, MAX: 26.24kbps, MIN: 1.36kbps Plain Text

28. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing Results – Filesize & Tilt Noticed lower bandwidth at low angles than at high angles –Suspected antenna gain pattern

29. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing – Large Files ‘Direct Internet’ –MAX: 15.0kbps –AVE: 13.9kbps –MIN: 13.1kbps ‘Dial-Up’ –MAX: 2.6kbps –AVE: 2.5kbps –MIN: 2.2kbps Dropped link 4 times out of 16 at around 600kB

30. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing – Compression Large files compressed down with WinZip –100kB to 1.24kB –500kB to 3.391kB –1.023MB to 6.055kB “Direct Internet” really –MAX: 182bps –AVE: 116bps –MIN: 79bps –Due to online time lost during data compression Better to compress data then send “Dial-Up” should be –MAX: 3.3kbps –AVE: 2.8kbps –MIN: 1.8kbps

31. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Testing - Conclusions Use optimized antenna for application Transfer small files Transfer precompressed files

32. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Integration Changed components based on previous testing Motorola 9505 Phone –Antenna adapter –Data Kit “Auto-on” Modification –Michael Ashley –Auto Adapter Compatible with buoy power –Mobile Antenna +1.0dB 0° to 40° +0.5dB 40° to 70° -0.5dB 70° to 80°

33. © 2004 MBARI Iridium Integration - EMC Transmitters –Iridium: 1.6GHz –Console: 900MHz –ARGOS: 401MHz Receivers –Iridium: 1.6GHz –GPS: 1.575GHz –RF Reset: 929MHz –Console: 900MHz Separated Iridium & GPS by 1.2m –Untested Console & RF Reset separated by 2m

34. © 2004 MBARI New Pricing Plans Iridium Globalstar

35. © 2004 MBARI Data Requirements – As Deployed CIMT in Monterey Bay: 4.1MBdata/day MTM2 in Monterey Bay: 1.1MBdata/day With link overhead: –Link overhead ~6 to 1 –On MTM2 really using 120minutes/day 3650 min/month Upgraded to 3000min/month plan –$7325/year with Globalstar

36. © 2004 MBARI Future Plans Reduce link overhead Implement shore initiated link establishment Deploy Iridium on buoy in region outside Globalstar service area

37. © 2004 MBARI MOOS Buoy Team - Primary Keith Raybould – Program Manager Mark Chaffey – Systems/Project Engineer Software Engineering –Kent Headley –Bob Herlein –Tim Meese –Tom O’Reilly –Wayne Radochonski –Mike Risi Mechanical Engineering –Jon Erickson –Andy Hamilton Electrical Engineering –Scott Jensen –Lance McBride –Ed Mellinger

38. © 2004 MBARI Thanks to Sanjeev Uruppattur Duane Thompson Mark Chaffey Tim Meese Russ Light, APL