1. Migration Processes Section 2

2. Learning outcomes  What is migration  Various forms of migration  Gross and net migration  Migration processes- why do people move?  What groups of people tends to move- migration stream

3. Mobility Circulation and Migration  People are constantly on the move:  To work  Holiday  New house  New country  All movement is mobility  Circulation is used to describe the trips and journeys which return to the place from which they started e.g. holiday  Migration is a single trip, a permanent change of residence

4. Types of migration  Internal migration: movement within a country  Inter-regional: movement from region to region within a country  Inter-urban: movement within a town  Rural-urban: from countryside to town  Urban- rural (counterurbanisation): town to countryside  International: movement from country to country

5. Gross and net migration  Gross migration counts all flows: it is the total number of people who emigrate and immigrate  E.g. a country could lose 10,000 a year and gain 6,000. these are gross figures  Net migration: is the balance between the out and in migration.  E.g. above: this would therefore be 10,000-6,000= 4,000

6. Migration processes  Barriers to migration- things which may stand in the way of moving e.g. money, unsure of new life??  Sponsored migration: assisted packages for migration e.g. Australia paid £10 during the 1950/60s to British migrants encouraging them to move

7. Push and pull factors  Push factors- problems migrants may have in their current place of residence  e.g war, famine, refugees, ethnic cleansing ( Rwanda, former Yugoslavia)  Pull factors- factors which attract migrants towards their destination  E.g. jobs, better housing, education

8. Economic factors  People leave for the chances of a better job, a chance of making money.  Controversy in recent years of movement from LEDCs to MEDCs. E.g. Mexicans to USA. Illegal immigrants/ clandestine migrants, asylum seekers (e.g current situation at Calais, France)  Skilled migrants are sometimes called invisible migrants as they have good jobs and do not form ethnic clusters or cause problems

9. Social factors  One example is joining other family members- current EU situation  This is also known as chain migration, male comes first, family members follow

10. Cultural factors  Migrants try to join a group that share their religion, language and other cultural traits  E.g. in the UK in Leicester, there are mosques and temples for Asian religions and shops, cinemas etc

11. Political factors  Colonialism saw many people move across the globe.  There are lots of Europeans in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada  They bring with them their own cultures, economies etc

12. Physical factors  Areas with a poor resource base, troubled with an unattractive environment, climate, vulnerable to storms, earthquakes etc tend to lose people  E.g. Island of Montserrat- most of population left in 1990s due to volcanic eruption. These people are known as environmental refugees

13. Migration streams  Sometimes many people decide to make similar migrations- this is called mass migration  55 million left Europe for new world destinations up until 1914.  The many people involved in such migrations took similar opportunities to relocate and this set up a migration stream.  Ireland to USA would be an international stream  North of England to London would be internal migration stream

14. Composition of migration streams  Permanent settlers, refugees, skilled labour, economic migrants, retirees, arranged brides  Mainly they are young adults with no ties, mainly male.  Often families migrate in stages, the man first, then the wife and children  In LEDCs a lot of women are migrating to work in towns in TNC plants etc.

15. Composition of migration streams (continued)  Migrants may also be selected by socio- economic class  There is not however 1 class that is prone to migration, but class differentials depend on circumstances  E.g. migration of Scots from the Scottish Highlands to North America was described as “shovelling out the paupers”  Today- a lot of migration is by skilled/qualified migrants