1. Migration Migration is the movement of people from one place to another

2. What are the main types of migration? Migration can be permanent, temporary, voluntary or forced. It can be international or internal.

5. Voluntary migration

6. Reasons for immigration1607-1830 Political Freedom Religious Tolerance Economic Opportunity People want a better life - better job - more money Political Refugees fear for their lives Some want free atmosphere Forced Immigration (Slavery) Family Reunification There are two types of motivation for immigration Push(need to leave in order to survive) ･ Pull (attracted to new way of life)

7. 1890-1924 ･ Jews came for religious freedom ･ Italians and Asians came for Work ･ Russians came to escape persecution ･ America had jobs ･ America had religious freedom ･ America was hyped up in many countries as "Land of Opportunity"

8. Push and Pull factors Migration can occur as result of push and pull factors. Push factors are those which force a person to move. This can include drought, famine, lack of jobs, over population and civil war. Pull factors are those which encourage a person to move. These include a chance of a better job, better education, a better standard of living.

9. New Commonwealth The term was commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s to refer to members of the Commonwealth of Nations that had joined in recent years as a result of decolonization. These countries were mostly, poor developing countries in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean with predominantly non- white populations. 1960s1970sCommonwealth of Nationsdecolonizationdeveloping countriesAsiaAfrica Caribbean

10. Old Commonwealth They were in contrast with the so- called Old Commonwealth (or "White Commonwealth") countries that were located in the developed world and were predominantly white and wealthy.Old Commonwealth

11. Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of 53 independent states, almost all of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom.

13. West Indies

18. Inner city

20. Violence, drugs and Police harassment muggings

21. Ghetto An urban district containing a high proportion of one particular ethnic group.

22. Ethnic group The group of people a person belongs to categorised by race, nationality, language, religion or culture.

23. Racism Unfair, ridiculing or threatening behaviour towards someone because of their skin and/or particular racial group.

28. From the early twentieth century to the 1960s, it was the chronic shortage of labour in this young developing country that attracted Italian workers. The Canadian labour market, compared to that of Italy, offered a relatively high level of employment and income. Italian immigration to Canada was also encouraged by Canadian immigration policies, which were more liberal than those of other countries due to the labour shortage, especially after the Second World War.

29. Urbanisation A growth of towns and cities leading to an increasing proportion of a country´s population living there.

31. Counterurbanisation Movement of people in MEDCs away from urban areas to live in smaller towns and villages.