1. Chapter 27
Empire and Expansion

2. The Imperial Menu A pleased Uncle Sam gets ready to place his order with headwaiter William McKinley. Swallowing some of these possessions eventually produced political indigestion.

3. Imperialism America wanted to expand
Spurred by yellow journalism and missionaries
Social Darwinism
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan 1890
James G. Blaine and the Big Sister Policy- Pan American Conference 1889

4. Great Britain vs. Venezuela
Boundary issue between British Guiana and Venezuela- gold discovered there
US letter sent by Secretary of State Richard Olney to GB (Monroe Doctrine)
GB= mind your own business
On the brink of war, but issue calmed down (anger redirected at Germany)
GB= arbitration, Monroe Doctrine enhanced
Great Rapprochement

5. They Can’t Fight Britain and America waged a war of words during the Venezuelan boundary dispute, but cooler heads prevailed. A new era of diplomatic cooperation between the two former foes dawned, as they saw themselves bound together by ties of language, culture, and mutual economic interest. As the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck reportedly remarked, “The supreme geopolitical fact of the modern era is that the Americans speak English.”

6. Hawaii Hawaii= long been desired by US
1887: naval base at Pearl Harbor
Problems arose with McKinley Tariff 1890 bad for US sugar companies
Annexation! Blocked by Queen Liliuokalani and Grover Cleveland
Would remain a “republic” for 5 years before annexation in 1898

7. Queen Liliuokalani (1838– 1917)

8. Cuba 1895: Cuban revolt against Spain Insurrectos used scorched earth
US business!= $50 million + $100 million/year in trade
Spanish General Weyler (Butcher)
Cleveland= anti-imperialist, anti-jingoist

9. The Maine Yellow journalism- Hearst and Pulitzer
1898 the Maine sent to Havana harbor
February 15, 1898: Maine exploded in Havana harbor
2 investigations= Spanish and American conclusions
“Remember the Maine!”

10. The Explosion of the Maine, February 15, 1898 Encouraged and amplified by the “yellow press,” the outcry over the tragedy of the Maine helped drive the country into an impulsive war against Spain.

13. The Explosion of the Maine, February 15, 1898

14. War with Spain 2 demands met by Spain- Americans still called for war
Jingoes: “Wobbly Willie”
McKinley reluctant towards war- couldn’t deny public opinion
April 11, 1898: war message sent to Congress- war declared
Teller Amendment

15. War with Spain Civil War veterans commanding army in tropics
28,000 soldiers and 2,100 officers vs. 200,000 Spanish
Only real friend= GB
US had a strong steel navy (Navy Secretary John D. Long and assistant Secretary TR)
Commodore George Dewey Philippines

16. Dewey’s Route in the Philippines, 1898

17. Philippines
Dewey waited in Manila Bay harbor for US soldiers- possible problems with Germans
Emilio Aguinaldo
Annexation of Hawaii- July 7, 1898 territorial status 1900

18. Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 1869–1964) and Followers, 1900 Aguinaldo had a colorfully checkered career. Exiled from the Philippines by the Spanish in 1897, he was brought back in 1898 to assist the American invasion. A year later he led the Filipino insurrection against the new American rulers. Captured in 1901, he declared his loyalty to the United States. During World War II, he collaborated with the Japanese when they occupied the Philippines…

19. Cuba Spanish navy= Admiral Cervera at Santiago
US strategy led by General William R. Shafter
Rough Riders- TR
17,000 man army on transports from Tampa mid June
Shafter landed at Guantanamo Bay pushed toward Santiago
July 1st: Battle of El Caney and San Juan Hill

23. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt with Some of the “Rough Riders” Roosevelt later described his first encounter with the Spanish enemy: “Soon we came to the brink of a deep valley. There was a good deal of cracking of rifles way off in front of us, but as they used smokeless powder we had no idea as to exactly where they were, or who they were shooting at. Then it dawned on us that we were the target. The bullets began to come overhead, making a sound like the ripping of a silk dress, with sometimes a kind of pop We advanced, firing at them, and drove them off.”

25. Puerto Rico Surrender of Santiago after entire Spanish fleet destroyed
May 12th: navy attacked at Puerto Rico followed by General Nelson A. Miles June 25th
Help from Puerto Ricans
Major killers- malaria, typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever = evacuation of 80%

26. End of the War Armistice called for August 12, 1898
Treaty of Paris (again!)= Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico
Technicality over Philippines Americans unsure if they wanted it too
Missionaries and business= pay Spain $20 million

27. The New Jingoism

28. Questions of Imperialism
Philippines= un-assimilatable
Anti Imperialist League formed
Expansionists= Philippines is an opportunity White Man’s Burden
Treaty of Paris helped passed by William Jennings Bryan! (anti- imperialism)

29. Questions of Imperialism
Puerto Rico- Foraker Act 1900
Insular Cases- does the Constitution follow the flag?
US military government in Cuba under General Leonard Wood eradicate yellow fever
Abided by Teller amendment with 2 insistences Platt Amendment and Guantanamo Bay

30. Questions of Imperialism
Spanish-American War: 113 days, low casualties, big payout
“splendid little war”
Naval power proven (Mahan)
Growth of jingoism, healing of North-South divide

32. Philippine-American War
Philippines angry over lack of independence
Warfare and guerrilla warfare led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Reconcentration camps and torture
US opposition from Anti-Imperialists
Philippine Commission

33. Open Door Policy
Economic imperialism in China following Sino-Japanese War
Secretary of State John Hay’s Open Door note (policy)
Boxer Rebellion 1900 international coalition to put down
Indemnity to be paid by China
Extension of Open Door to include territorial integrity

35. 1900 Election
Republicans= William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt (VP)
Platform: gold standard, “full dinner pail,” successful war, expansion
Democrats= William Jennings Bryan (silver and anti-imperialism)
TR sapped many midwestern votes
“Bryanism” could hurt prosperity= McKinley victory 292 vs. 155 EV

36. Theodore Roosevelt

38. TR and Big Stick Diplomacy
September 6, 1901: McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz
TR: “that damned cowboy” big personality and popular with regular people
Big Stick Diplomacy- “Walk softly and carry a big stick”

40. Panama Canal Spanish-American War= renewed interest in canal
The Oregon
Hay Pauncefote Treaty 1901 (undid Clayton-Bulwer Treaty)
US bought rights to canal from French (Philippe Bunau-Varilla)
Colombia stood in way
1904 election approaching!

41. Panama Canal
Panama Revolution November 3, 1903 Colombia blocked by US navy
US recognized new Panamanian “government” 3 days later
Hays- Bunau-Varilla Treaty (same price, 10 mile area)
US- Latin American relations ↓ (Big Brother)
TR= “mandate from civilization”

43. Panama Canal
Canal building started 1904 (labor, landslides, sanitation issues)
Colonel George Washington Goethals (head of engineering)
Colonel William Gorgas (head of sanitation yellow fever, malaria)
Finished 1914 (WWI soon)

46. Roosevelt Corollary Debt ridden Latin America= nervous TR
Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)
Regional police force (economic) and soon turned to military to intervene
“Bad Neighbor Policy”

47. Russia vs. Japan 1904 Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur and Korea
Railroad in Manchuria threatened Japanese sphere of influence= war
Japan= westernized, Russia ↓ under czar
TR as mediator with Portsmouth Treaty 1905= Nobel Peace Prize!

48. US vs. Japan Racism and lack of citizenship for Japanese immigrants
“the yellow peril,” segregated San Francisco schools= Japan angry
Gentlemen’s Agreement
The Great White Fleet 1907= 43,000 miles to show off US navy
Root-Takahira Agreement 1908

50. United States Expansion, 1857–1917