1. The Muslim World
Modern World History

2. Essential Question
What factors allowed Muslim empires to grow and flourish between the years 1300 to 1700?

3. Lecture Questions
Question: How did the Silk Road help these Middle Eastern societies grow?
Question: What factors allowed the Ottomans to grow to be so powerful?
Question: What were the major factors that led to the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire?

4. European Trade

5. The Silk Road and Trade in the East

6. The Silk Road
The Silk Road was an interconnected series of routes through southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel connecting China to the Middle East and from there to Europe
Before the discovery of the sea route to India, the Silk Road was the most important connection between the East and West
The Silk Road was an interconnected series of routes through southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel connecting China to the Middle East and from there to Europe
It was called the silk road due to the prominent silk trade (it was considered more precious than gold in Europe), but many things were traded along this route
Before the discovery of the sea route to India, the Silk Road was the most important connection between the East and West

7. The Silk Road (Cont’d)
Question: How did the Silk Road help these Middle Eastern societies grow?
Conduit not only for goods but also for the transmission of knowledge and ideas between east and west
i.e., Buddhism spread from India to China along it
The Middle East served as the middle ground making it the prime location to trade at
majority of trade had ended by the 1300’s
Geography allowed it to grow
Conduit not only for goods but also for the transmission of knowledge and ideas between east and west
i.e., Buddhism spread from India to China along it
The Middle East served as the middle ground between Europe and China, making it the prime location to trade at
Although a majority of trade along the Silk Road had ended by the 1300’s, the centrality of the middle east gave it a major geographical advantage for growth
Question: How did the Silk Road help these Middle Eastern societies grow?

8. Two Major Empires The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
The Mughal Empire (India)

9. The Ottoman Empire
Anatolia (Turkey) was settled by nomadic, militaristic Turks that were pushed out of Central Asia by the Mongols starting in the 1200’s
formed military societies under the leadership of an Emir and raided territories of the “infidels” or non-Muslims (sound familiar?)
Success was largely based on use of gunpowder
The Ottomans tried to act kindly toward the people they conquered, by ruling through local officials, and often improved peasant’s lives
Anatolia (Turkey) was settled by nomadic, militaristic Turks that were pushed out of Central Asia by the Mongols starting in the 1200’s
These people formed military societies under the leadership of an Emir and raided territories of the “infidels” or non-Muslims
Success was largely based on the use of gunpowder
The Ottomans tried to act kindly toward the people they conquered, by ruling through local officials, and often improved peasant’s lives
Osman I, the first Emir

10. Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Mehmet II (the Conqueror) achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history by conquering Constantinople in 1451
Ends Christian Byzantine Empire and threatens Christianity in Western Europe
Selim captured Mecca and Medina, the two holiest cities in Islam, along with Cairo, Egypt--the intellectual center of the Muslim world
Suleiman I (the Lawgiver),
Selim’s son
helped the Ottomans reach their greatest size, including much of Europe and his power was only rivaled by the most powerful European monarch
Mehmet II (the Conqueror) achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history by conquering Constantinople in 1451
Ends Christian Byzantine Empire and threatens Christianity in Western Europe
Selim captured Mecca and Medina, the two holiest cities in Islam, along with Cairo, Egypt--the intellectual center of the Muslim world
Suleiman I (the Lawgiver), Selim’s son, helped the Ottomans reach their greatest size, including much of Europe and his power was only rivaled by the most powerful European monarch
Suleiman’s success greatly worried Central Europeans, and he was eventually stopped at Vienna (modern day Austria) in 1683
The Hagia Sophia

11. Ottoman Social Structure
a military state with a highly intricate bureaucracy
The sultan’s slaves were janissaries, or young Christian boys of conquered Christian lands
highly trained, elite fighters that were at the heart of the Ottoman war machine
What advantage did this serve?
The Ottomans granted freedom of worship, particularly to Christians and Jews
The Empire was a military state with a highly intricate bureaucracy
The sultan’s slaves were janissaries, or young Christian boys of conquered Christian lands
They were highly trained elite fighters that were at the heart of the Ottoman war machine
The Ottomans granted freedom of worship, particularly to Christians and Jews
Young Greek boys being converted to Islam and becoming Janissaries

12. Ottoman Cultural Achievements
Ottoman leaders followed Islamic law, which covered most social matters
Suleiman simplified taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy, which made life better
Art, architecture, and literature also flourished, especially under Suleiman
Suleiman’s Mosque

13. The Decline of the Ottomans
Suleiman set up the eventual downfall of the empire by choosing a weak heir
Spain and Italy destroyed Selim’s Turkish fleet in 1571, limiting their military influence
Massive instability and weak, ignorant Sultans resulted from power play for throne
Although the power of the Ottomans declined, it wasn’t until the 20th century and World War I that it officially crumbled
Question: What factors allowed the Ottomans to grow to be so powerful?

14. Rejoicing at birth of Prince Salim (Jahangir)
The Mughals
“Mughals” were Muslim people who invaded India from the North
Much like European explorers/invaders of the time, they used a mix of religion, wealth, and military glory as justification for actions
Rejoicing at birth of Prince Salim (Jahangir)

15. Rejoicing at birth of Prince Salim (Jahangir)
The Mughals
Delhi eventually became the capital of a loose new empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate
33 different Sultans ruled the divided territory between the 13th and 16th centuries
Rejoicing at birth of Prince Salim (Jahangir)

16. Babar watching his gardeners at work
Mughal Rulers
The empire was eventually unified in 1494 by Babar, an 11-year-old boy
built up an army and laid the groundwork for the Mughal Empire
Babar led 12,000 troops to victory against an army of 100,000 commanded by the Sultan of Delhi
established capital at Kabul (present capital of Afghanistan)
The empire was eventually unified in 1494 by Babar, an 11-year-old boy
Babar built up an army and laid the groundwork for the Mughal Empire
Babar led 12,000 troops to victory against an army of 100,000 commanded by the Sultan of Delhi
Babar watching his gardeners at work

17. The Golden Age of Akbar
Akbar was a Muslim and he firmly defended religious freedom
“His aim was to achieve a Hindu-Muslim equilibrium based on the brotherhood of mankind with no one religion holding the ultimate truth”
Islam
Hindu
Jain
Sikh
(Christian…extreme minority)
Akbar was a Muslim and he firmly defended religious freedom
More tolerant of Hindu pilgrims, and he even appointed a Spanish Jesuit Catholic monk to tutor his second son
Because of the mixture of cultures and languages during Akbar’s reign, came a new language, Urdu, which was a mixture of Arabic, Persian and Hindi
Art and literature also flourished during Akbar’s reign
Akbar

18. The Golden Age of Akbar More tolerant of Hindu pilgrims
appointed a Spanish Jesuit Catholic monk to tutor his second son
Because of the mixture of cultures and languages during Akbar’s reign, came a new language, Urdu, which was a mixture of Arabic, Persian and Hindi (official language of modern day Pakistan)
Art and literature also flourished during Akbar’s reign
Akbar was a Muslim and he firmly defended religious freedom
More tolerant of Hindu pilgrims, and he even appointed a Spanish Jesuit Catholic monk to tutor his second son
Because of the mixture of cultures and languages during Akbar’s reign, came a new language, Urdu, which was a mixture of Arabic, Persian and Hindi
Art and literature also flourished during Akbar’s reign
Akbar

19. Jahangir and Nur Jahan
Jahangir was Akbar’s son, and succeeded him as ruler
Most of the affairs of the government were run by his wife Nur Jahan though, because he was such a weak ruler
Rejected Akbar’s religious tolerance by attacking Sikhs
Jahangir

20. Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan had two main passions: beautiful buildings and his wife Mumtaz Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal died while giving birth to their 14th child, so the Taj Mahal was built as her tomb
Cost of building angered many of his people

21. Expansion
Campaign for the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent =
Strained relations between Hindus and Muslims
Social unrest

22. Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb rigidly enforced Islamic laws and tried to erase all of the gains the Hindus had made under Akbar
Uprisings with the Hindus and the Sikhs over intolerance and high taxes were a constant problem
More fighting = more taxes for non-Muslims = even more fighting
Aurangzeb

23. The Decline of the Mughals
Wars and extravagant buildings and palaces, made empire economically weak
Western traders from Portugal, the Netherlands, England and France were slowly building their own power in the region , and eventually would control much of the empire
Question: What were the major factors that led to the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire?

24. Essential Question
What factors allowed Muslim empires to grow and flourish between the years 1300 to 1700?
You are to write a 3 paragraph essay answering the prompt above.
1st paragraph- Introduction and thesis that answers the prompt
2nd paragraph- Topic Sentence (goes with your thesis) 2 different examples that proves your topic and commentary and conclusion
3rd paragraph-Topic Sentence (goes with your thesis) 2 different examples that proves your topic and commentary and conclusion