1. The body control centre
The Nervous System
The body control centre

2. Functions of the Nervous System
Receives, stores & interpret information e.g. from eyes & ears
Controls activities of all body systems to maintain homeostasis within the body
Homeo = combining form meaning the same
Controls all muscle movements including speech

3. Divisions of Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord

4. Divisions of the Nervous System cont’d
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
These nerves branch out from the CNS to all parts of body
There are:
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

5. Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves of PNS function in a voluntary
Manner
Peripheral nerves carry impulses from receptors in skin, eyes, ears nose to CNS.
These peripheral nerves are called sensory or afferent nerves
Peripheral nerves also carry impulses from CNS to body organs
These nerves are called motor or efferent nerves

6. Division of the Nervous System cont’d
3. Autonomic System (ANS)
Nerves carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & some glands

7. Divisions of Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent (sensory) neurons from
organs muscles & glands
Efferent (Motor) neurons to
Muscle & glands
Autonomic Nervous System

8. Word component
Word Root
Combining Form
Meaning
Neur
Neuro
nerve

9. Neurons and their Function
Specialised cells of the Nervous System
Cells responsible for transmission of nerve impulses

10. What does a neuron look like?
Network of nerves or neurons pg1

11. Word Components Word Root Combining form Meaning Plex Plex/o
network of nerves
Cephal
Cephal/o
head
Encephal
Encephal/o
brain
cerebr
cerebr/o
cerebrum of the brain
Act 2

12. The Brain
Cerebrum – large brain
Cerebellum – Little brain

14. Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Is a result of disruption to blood supply (i.e. ischaemia) to part of the brain
Ischaemia to cerebrum can cause brain cells to die and is known as an infarct
Paralysis and loss of speech can occur because cells of the cerebrum control many body movements
Severity depends on what part of the brain is affected

15. Cerebral Cortex Is the outer layer of cerebrum
Contains motor and sensory areas
Responsible for consciousness and intelligence

16. Word Components Word Root Combining form Meaning ventricul ventricul/o
Ventricle
crani
crani/o
bones of the skull (cranium)
gangli
gangli/o
knot of group of nerve cell bodies

17. More word components Mening mening/o, mening/i membrane Radicul
radicul/o
spinal nerve roots
Myel
myel/o
marrow, spinal cord
Pleg
-plegia
paralysis
Aesthesi
aesthesi/o
sensation
Narc
Narc/o
stupor – abnormal sleep induced by a drug
Alges
Algesi/o, -algesia
sense of pain
Rachi
rachi/o
spine Act 3

18. Other parts of brain Part Combining form Function Cerebrum cerebr/o
responsible for thoughts,judgements,memory,sensation
cerebellum
cerebell/o
coordinates voluntary movement
Thalamus
thalam/o
grey matter; neurons relays sensory messages e.g. pain to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
has neurons that control body temperature, sleep, appetite, & emotions
Brain Stem –
pons
medulla oblongata
relays messages to cerebrum, cerebellum, & spinal cord
responsible for breathing, heart rate, and heat

19. Thalamus Hypothalamus CRANIUM CEREBRUM PONS CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
THE BRAIN
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

20. Spinal Cord
Extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
Carries nerves that affect limbs &lower parts of body
Is the pathway for impulses to & from brain
Inner section composed of grey matter
Outer section composed of white matter

21. Meninges What are the layers surrounding brain & spinal Cord?
Dura mater – outer membrane contains channels for blood to enter brain tissue. Subdural space is below the dura & contains blood vessels
Arachnoid membrane – next layer. Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater – layer closest to brain

22. Rachiocentesis
Procedure to take sample of CSF from spinal cord fro testing
Also known as a lumbar puncture or spinal tap Act 4

23. Conditions of Nervous System
Meaning
Alziemers Disease
deterioration of mental capacity causing degeneration of neurons in cerebral cortex
Palsy
Bells Palsy
Cerebral Palsy
unilateral facial paralysis due to disorder of facial nerve
partial paralysis & lack of muscular coordination due to damage to cerebrum during birth
Parkinson’s Disease
degeneration of brain nerves leading to tremors, weakness, & slowness of movement
Multiple Sclerosis
conduction of nerve impulses is prevented due to parasthesia, leading to muscle weakness, unsteady gait & paralysis
Epilepsy
recurrent seizures & /or fitting

24. Word Components Word part Meaning -lexia condition of speech/ words
mening/o
meninges
myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
occipit/o
occipit, posterior region of the skull
-paresis
weakness, slight paralysis
-plegia
paralysis
plexus
network of vessels or nerves
synapse
membrane to membrane contact of one nerve cell to another

25. Abbreviations CAT or CT Scan Computerized Axial Tomography-
x rays are beamed at different angles to produce images and examine soft tissues of the body
EEG
Electroencephalogram – recording of brain waves
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging – uses movement of hydrogen to a large magnetic field to produce images of internal soft tissues

26. Conditions & Terms anaesthesia
loss of sensation resulting from medication
analgesia
loss or reduction of pain sensation
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
hemiparesis
weakness on one side (half) of body
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side (half ) of body
hydrocephalus
excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain
paralysis
complete or partial loss of controlled movement
sciatica
pain that radiates down the sciatic nerve, affecting buttock, thigh, and foot