2. The Meninges
Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

3. The Meninges
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid

4. Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

5. Subdural Hematoma

6. Spinal Cord
Passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 segments  (each with a pair of spinal nerves).
Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck)
Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back)
FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

7. Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through the spinal cord

8. Sensory nerves enter through dorsal root ganglia, and motor nerves exit through ventral root ganglia.

9. THE BRAIN
ANATOMICAL REGIONS
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

10. CEREBRUM - wrinkly large part of the brain, largest area in humans, higher mental function

11. CEREBELLUM
Balance and coordination

12. Brain Stem - regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

13. Figure 13.4

15. 1.  Cerebral Hemispheres     -  left and right side of brain separated by the ....
2.  Corpus Callosum 
 - connects the two hemispheres 

17. Corpus callosum

19. Lobes of the Brain (general functions)
5.  Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language
- Motor areas control voluntary muscles
6. Parietal – touch, temperature, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory), emotions
7.  Temporal Lobe – hearing and vision, memory, interpreting sensory information
8.  Occipital – vision, interprets visual information

20. 9.  Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with all the wrinkles)

21. 10.VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN
Fluid filled cavities, contain CSF

22. BRAIN STEM
Figure 13.4

23. Hypothalamus - hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger Thalamus - relay station

24. 4. Optic Tract / Chiasma - optic nerves cross over each other

25. BRAIN STEM
Consists of three parts:
PONS
MIDBRAIN
MEDULLA OBLONGATA

26. Cerebellum - balance, coordination
5.  Midbrain – visual reflexes, eye movements
6. Pons - relay sensory information
7.  Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure

27. Pituitary Gland
The "master gland" of the endocrine system.  It controls hormones.

28. Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus

29. Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Pons

30. 9. HIPPOCAMPUS
Memory is controlled by the HIPPOCAMPUS (“sea horse”; that’s its shape).

31. 10. The LIMBIC SYSTEM
The LIMBIC SYSTEM plays a role in EMOTION

32. FUNCTIONAL REGIONS
A. MOTOR AREAS
B. SENSORY AREAS
C. ASSOCIATION

33. 12.  Motor Areas
- controls voluntary movements - the right side of the brain generally controls the left side of the body
-also has Broca's Area (speech)

34. 13. Sensory Area - involved in feelings and sensations
   (visual, auditory, smell, touch, taste)

35. 14.  Association Areas
- higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information