1. Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

2. Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

3. Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

4. Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

5. Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

6. N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

7. God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

8. God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

9. God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

10. Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

11. Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

12. Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

13. Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

14. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

15. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

16. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

17. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

18. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Concern over both anarchy from religious turmoil & tyranny of absolute monarchy  John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government advocating constitutional monarchy which defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

19. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Concern over both anarchy from religious turmoil & tyranny of absolute monarchy  John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government advocating constitutional monarchy which defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Justifies revolution by the people on political grounds if the king breaks the contract God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS

20. Rise of capit. MC in Eng. (FC.96) Concern over both anarchy from religious turmoil & tyranny of absolute monarchy  John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government advocating constitutional monarchy which defines king’s obligations to his subjects much as in a MC business contract Women seen as spiritually, if not socially, equal to men Calvinist idea that merchants are predestined to pursue profits for the good of the religious community Later generations feel justified pursuing profits for themselves English Rev. in 1600’s (FC.96) God’s abs. power + equality of all believers discredits Div. Rt. of Kings  Justifies rev. on relig. grounds Justifies polit. rev. since religion & politics are so intertwined Justifies revolution by the people on political grounds if the king breaks the contract French Revolution (1789) starts the age of political revolutions (FC.104) God sees all useful jobs as equalGod sees all believers as equal N. Ren. combines Ital. Ren’s secular ideas with its own greater Religious fervor (FC.78) Secularism: Belief this world & life are worth studying & living for now, not just as preparation for afterlife Humanism: Belief that humans are not helpless pawns in the divine plan, but capable of their own great accomplishments Individualism: Belief that the individual alone, not just groups of people, can accomplish great things on their own Skepticism: Belief in the need to challenge accepted authorities” views Luther starts Protestant Reformation (FC.78) Italian Renaissance largely defined by four new ideas (FC.76) Suffrage movement in late 1800s and early 1900s gains women more equality (FC.114) FC.85C. THE REFORMATION’S IMPACT ON POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS