2. Theory Deduction Hypothesis Researchdesign Findings Datagathering Operationalization Measurement Analysis Induction

3. 1.Problem formulation 1)Selection of the research problem & Objective 2)Specification of the research problem 2.Choice of Data collection method 3.Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis) 4.Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations

4.  Problem formulation  Selection of the research problem & Objective  Specification of the research problem

5.  Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem & Objective : Selection of the research problem & Objective  What do you want to study?  Why is it worth studying?  Does the proposed study contribute to our general understanding of crime or police responses to crime?  Does it have practical significance?

6.  Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem & Objective : Selection of the research problem & Objective  The possible beginning points for a line of your research  Interests: personal experience  Theories (a complex set of relationships among several variables)  New programs

7.  Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem & Objective : Selection of the research problem & Objective  One key way to search for a research problem is through ___________

8.  Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem & Objective : Selection of the research problem & Objective the Literature  One key way to search for a research problem is through the Literature

9.  Problem formulation : Selection of the research problem & Objective : Selection of the research problem & Objective  Literature Review  What has been said about this area previously?  Are the findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?  Are there flaws in the body of existing research that you feel you can remedy?

10. 1. Problem formulation 1)Selection of the research problem & Objective 2)___________________________________ 2. Choice of Data collection method 3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis) 4. Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations

11. 1. Problem formulation 1)Selection of the research problem & Objective 2)Specification of the research problem 2. Choice of Data collection method 3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis) 4. Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations

12.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem 1)Conceptualization 2)Formulate hypotheses 3)Subjects for study (population & sampling) 4)Measurement

13.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Conceptualization  specify all the concepts you wish to study (ex. recidivism, child abuse)

14.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem 1)Conceptualization 2)Formulate hypotheses 3)Subjects for study (population & sampling) 4)Measurement

15.  What is a Hypothesis?

16.  A specified expectation about..  A specific statement about … ____________,  The relationship between (usually two) ____________, not theoretical concepts.  Derived from ___________

17.  A specified expectation about..  A specific statement about … VARIABLES,  The relationship between (usually two) VARIABLES, not theoretical concepts.  Derived from ___________

18.  A specified expectation about..  A specific statement about … VARIABLES,  The relationship between (usually two) VARIABLES, not theoretical concepts.  Derived from THEORY (Literature Review)

19.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem 1)Conceptualization 2)Formulate hypotheses 3)Subjects for study (population & sampling) 4)Measurement

20.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Subjects for study (population & sampling)  Population: Who or what will you study?

21.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Subjects for study (population & sampling)  Population: Who or what will you study?  Sampling: how to select a sample?

22.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Subjects for study (population & sampling)  Population: Who or what will you study?  Sampling: how to select a sample? they are not harmed by the research  If there is any possibility that your research will have an impact on those you study, how will you ensure that they are not harmed by the research?

23.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem 1)Conceptualization 2)Formulate hypotheses 3)Subjects for study (population & sampling) 4)______________

24.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem 1)Conceptualization 2)Formulate hypotheses 3)Subjects for study (population & sampling) 4)Measurement

25.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Measurement  What are the key variables?

26.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Measurement  What are the key variables?  How will you define them? How will you measure them? _______?________

27.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Measurement  What are the key variables?  How will you define them? How will you measure them? Operationalization

28.  Problem formulation : Specification of the research problem : Specification of the research problem  Measurement  What are the key variables?  How will you define them? How will you measure them? Operationalization  Do your definitions & measurement methods duplicate or differ from those of previous research on this topic?

29. develop  You may develop the scales to measure the variables “ parental control ” and “ delinquency. ” find the existing scales through literature review  But, easiest way is to find the existing scales through literature review.

30. 1.Problem formulation 1)Selection of the research problem & Objective 2)Specification of the research problem 2.Choice of Data collection method 3.Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis) 4.Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations

31.  Choice of Data collection method – how will you collect the information/observation? 1.Experiments 2.Social surveys 3.Participant observation 4.Case studies/life histories 5.Unobtrusive measure

32. 1. Problem formulation 1)Selection of the research problem & Objective 2)Specification of the research problem 2. Choice of Data collection method 3. Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis) 4. Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations

33. 1.Problem formulation 1)Selection of the research problem & Objective 2)Specification of the research problem 2.Choice of Data collection method 3.Analysis & Presentation of Findings (Analysis) 4.Conclusions, Interpretation, & Limitations  Formal Scientific Research Paper

34.  They will want to know 1.Why you did the research 2.How you did it 3.What you found out 4.Whether your findings were significant & useful

35. 1. Introduction 2. Literature review 3. Methods 4. Results (findings) 5. Discussion of results, conclusions, & recommendations for future study (limitation of your study) 6. references

36.  Explain briefly the purpose of your research

37.  What problem did you address?

38.  Explain briefly the purpose of your research  What problem did you address?  Why did you address it?

39.  Explain briefly the purpose of your research  What problem did you address?  Why did you address it?  Provide enough background to enable the reader to understand the research problem being investigated

40.  Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem

41.  Are there findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?

42.  Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem  Are there findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?  Are there flaws in the body of existing research?

43.  Summarizing previous research addressing same or a related problem  Are there findings consistent, or do past studies disagree?  Are there flaws in the body of existing research?  present a hypothesis

44.  A “ cookbook ” section

45.  How you did your investigation

46.  A “ cookbook ” section  How you did your investigation  Sampling

47.  A “ cookbook ” section  How you did your investigation  Sampling  Data-Gathering Strategies

48.  How you did your investigation  5 Data-Gathering Strategies  Experiments  Social surveys  Participant observation  Case studies/life histories  Unobtrusive measures

49.  A “ cookbook ” section  How you did your investigation  Sampling  Data-Gathering Strategies  What are the key variables?

50.  A “ cookbook ” section  How you did your investigation  Sampling  Data-Gathering Strategies  What are the key variables?  How to measure your variables (DV, IV)

51.  A “ cookbook ” section  How you did your investigation  Sampling  Data-Gathering Strategies  What are the key variables?  How to measure your variables (DV, IV)  Do your definitions & measurement methods duplicate (if yes, from where) or differ from those of previous research on this topic?

52. 1. Introduction 2. Literature review 3. Methods 4. Results (findings) (possible) conclusions, & recommendations for future study (limitation) 5. Discussion of results, (possible) conclusions, & recommendations for future study (limitation) 6. references

53.  Main part of the report

54.  The key to success in this section – to link your findings to the research questions raised in the introduction

55.  Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?

56.  Did you discover information that you hadn ’ t anticipated?

57.  Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?  Did you discover information that you hadn ’ t anticipated?  Was your research design appropriate?

58.  Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?  Did you discover information that you hadn ’ t anticipated?  Was your research design appropriate?  Did your research raise new questions?

59.  Did it confirm or disconfirm your hypothesis?  Did you discover information that you hadn ’ t anticipated?  Was your research design appropriate?  Did your research raise new questions?  Are there implications from your results that need to be explored?