1. Personality

2. Defining Personality An individual’s unique and enduring pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving across a variety of situations – You are honest, dependable, anxious, excitable?

3. What factors determine an individuals unique personality?

4. The Psychoanalytic Approach

5. Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory that an individual's personality is reflective of their unconscious thoughts and experiences

6. Unconscious The part of our brain processes that we are unaware of and have no control over

7. What’s in the Unconscious Mind?

8. – ID – SUPEREGO – EGO

9. ID The most basic of all human instincts and desires live in the unconscious mind. Primitive, uncontrolled thoughts of sex, aggression, hunger.

10. The ID works on the pleasure principle of immediate gratification, without any consideration to consequences.

11. The ID houses our repressed thoughts, passions, desires, wishes, feelings, etc. All of the things that we’d like to do if there were no consequences, yet don’t act upon, lie dormant in the ID.

12. SUPEREGO Part of the unconscious mind that focuses on the real world, and focuses solely on how you should behave The superego internalizes ideals, standards, laws, rules and morals and norms to govern a person’s behavior

13. The SUPEREGO v. The ID

14. EGO The semi-conscious part of your personality that operates on the reality principle The EGO mediates behavior choices between the wants and desires of the ID, and the morals and norms of the SUPEREGO

18. The ID, SUPEREGO, EGO Conflict

19. How do we access the Unconscious Mind?

20. Freud believed that to really understand a patient’s true personality, he needed to access the unconscious mind, or at least interpret its disguised, conscious manifestations

21. Free Association Freud’s method of exploring the unconscious mind, in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

23. Dream Interpretation Manifest Content – the actual content of dreams Latent Content – the interpretation of a dream

24. The Freudian Slip Slips of speech when the ID passes through unfiltered. Insights into your real thoughts and feelings? – "As I was telling my husb—" before abruptly breaking off and correcting herself: "As I was telling President Bush.“ Condoleezza Rice, 2006 – “For seven and a half years I’ve worked alongside President Reagan. We’ve had triumphs. Made some mistakes. We’ve had some sex…uh…setbacks.” George H. Bush, 1988

26. Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) Subjects are shown pictures and then asked to make up stories abut them. Researchers claim that the subjects will project their own feelings, goals, desires, etc. onto the picture, and their resulting story will reveal their inner, unconscious mind.

27. Hypnosis With the conscious mind resting, the still active unconscious mind won’t have a filter to stop it from revealing its personality

29. Projective Test The Rorschach Inkblot Test A set of 10 inkblots, without any discernable patterns or images, are presented to a patient. Subjects simply identify what they think the inkblot looks like, and researchers interpret those identifications as personality characteristics.

31. Rorschach Inkblot Test

42. Plate X

43. What does this all mean?

45. Black ink. A roughly triangular shape, point down, suggesting a broad, fox like face with prominent ears. Naughty bits: a pair of breasts (rounded projections at top of blot); a vertical female figure, her torso partly visible through a gauzy dress (along center line). The first blot is easy. How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations. The best reaction is to give one of the most common responses immediately. Good answers are bat, butterfly, moth, and (in center of blot) a female figure. Mask, jack- o'-lantern, and animal face are common responses too, but in some interpretation schemes they suggest paranoia. A bad response is any that says something untoward about the central female figure. "She" is often judged to be a projection of your own self-image. Avoid the obvious comment that the figure has two breasts but no head. If you don't give more than one answer for Plate I, many psychologists will drop a hint--tell you to look closer.

47. Black and red ink. Two dark-gray splotches suggesting dancing figures. Red splotches at top of each figure and at bottom center. Naughty bits: penis (upper center, black ink); vagina (the red area at bottom center). It is important to see this blot as two human figures usually females or clowns. If you don't, it's seen as a sign that you have trouble relating to people. You may give other responses as well, such as cave entrance (the triangular white space between the two figures) and butterfly (the red "vagina," bottom center). Should you mention the penis and vagina? Not necessarily. Every Rorsehach plate has at least one obvious representation of sexual anatomy. You're not expected to mention them all. In some interpretation schemes, mentioning more than four sex images in the ten plates is diagnostic of schizophrenia. The trouble is, subjects who took Psychology 101 often assume they should detail every possible sex response, so allowances must be made. Most Rorschach workers believe the sex images should play a part in the interpretation of responses even when not mentioned. You may not say that the lower red area looks like a vagina, but psychologists assume that what you do say will show how you feel about women. Nix on "crab"; stick with "butterfly."

49. Black and red ink. Two obvious.figures (black ink) facing each other. Butterfly-shaped red blot between the figures; an elongated red blot behind each figure's head. Naughty bits: penises and breasts (at anatomically appropriate positions for each figure). This is the blot that supposedly can determine sexual preference. Most people see the two human figures. Both figures have prominent "breasts" and an equally prominent "penis." If you don't volunteer the gender of the figures, you'll be asked to specify it. By the traditional interpretation, seeing the figures as male is a heterosexual response (for test subjects of both sexes). Describing the figures as female or acknowledging the androgynous nature of the blot is supposed to be a homosexual response. Does it work? Not really--many straights describe the figures as women, and not all gays give a gay response. A 1971 study at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York showed the traditionally heterosexual response (two male figures) to be declining in popularity. The splotches of red ink are usually perceived separately. Common responses are "bow-tie" or "ribbon" (inner red area) and a stomach and esophagus (outer red areas).

51. Black ink. A roughly triangular blot, point up, with the two lower comer regions resembling boots or pet. Naughty bits: two penises (on either side of blot, near top of triangle); vagina (on center line near top of blot). Plate IV is the "father card." At first glance it is a difficult blot to see as a single image. The "boots" are fairly conspicuous; between them is the apparent head of a dog or Chinese dragon. Many subjects see the blot as an animal skin. After a few seconds, though, most can see it as a standing figure seen from below. The boots become the feet, enlarged because of the unusual perspective. The arms and head, at the top, are smaller. Common descriptions are bear, gorilla, or man in a heavy coat. Bad descriptions are monster or attacking bear or gorilla- Rorschach theorists equate your description of the figure with your perception of your father or male authority figures.

53. Black ink. A simple, bat like shape. Naughty bits: two penises (the "ears" or "antennae"). Rorschach himself thought this was the easiest blot to interpret. It is a bat or a butterfly, period. You don't want to mention anything else. Seeing the projections on the ends of the bat wings as crocodile heads signifies hostility. Seeing the paired butterfly antennae or feet as scissors or pliers signifies a castration complex. Schizophrenics sometimes see moving people in this blot. Many psychologists take particular note of the number of responses given to this plate. If you mention more images here than in either Plate IV or VI, it is suggestive of schizophrenia.

55. Black ink. An irregular shape like that of an animal-skin rug. Naughty bits: penis (center line at top); vagina (below penis). Plate VI is the most difficult blot. The best-rendered penis of all the blots is at top, but few subjects mention it. The rest of the blot doesn't look like much of anything. Some hold that the value of this blot is to have the subject grope for images and possibly reveal subconscious attitudes about sexuality. Basically, the secret of this plate is to turn it. A good response is to say it looks like an animal hide (about the only reasonable response when held right side up), then turn it on its side and say it looks like a boat or surfaced submarine with reflection, and then turn it upside down and say it looks like a mushroom cloud, a pair of theater masks, or caricatures of men with long noses and goatees.

57. Black ink. A U-shaped blot, each side of the U resembling a female figure in a narrow-waisted dress. Naughty bits: a vagina (on center line at bottom of U). This blot is supposed to reveal how you really feel about your mother. Virtually everyone sees two girls or women. Deprecating descriptions of the figures~ "witches," "gossips," "girls fighting," "spinsters" indicate poor maternal relations. Seeing the blot as thunderclouds instead of female figures suggests anxiety to some psychologists; seeing it as a walnut kernel may mean a vulgar fixation. There is an entirely different side to this blot, but you're not supposed to see it. The white space between the girls or women can be interpreted as an oil lamp or similar object. It is claimed that only schizophrenics usually see the lamp.

59. Pink, blue, gray, and orange ink. An almost circular array of interconnected forms--a gray triangle (point up) at top, a pair of blue rectangles in the center, a pink and orange splotch at bottom, and two pink "animal" shapes forming the right and left sides of the circle. Naughty bits: a vagina (pink-orange area at bottom). The first full-color card is easy. It is important that you see the four-legged animals- lions, pigs, bears, etc. -on the sides of the blot. They're one of the most common responses on the test, and you're assumed to be a mental defective if you don't see them. Other good responses are tree (gray triangle at top), butterfly (pink and orange area at bottom), and rib cage or anatomy chart (skeletal pattern in center between blue rectangles and gray triangles). The entire configuration can be seen as a heraldic design (good answer) or a Christmas tree with ornaments (reaching). Children tend to like this blot and say a lot about it-the bright colors and animal shapes make it more interesting than your basic penis/vagina number (II, IV, or VI).

61. Green, orange, and pink ink. A very irregular upright rectangle. Orange at top, protruding green areas at center, pink at bottom. Naughty bits: a vagina (center line at bottom). There aren't many good answers here. If you're going to throw up your hands (figuratively; see warning about emotional outbursts above) and plead a mental block, this is the place to do it. The colors clash, apparently by Rorschach's design. Good answers are a fire with smoke, an explosion (but paranoids are claimed more apt to note the pale green mushroom cloud on the center line at top), a map, anatomy, or a flower. If you turn the card ninety degrees, you can make out a man's head in the pink areas at bottom. (The man is identified as Mark Twain, Santa Claus, or Teddy Roosevelt.) A bad response is to describe the orange areas at top as monsters or men fighting---a sign of poor social development. As with Plate V, the psychologist may be counting the number of responses you give to this blot for comparison with the preceding and succeeding blots. You want to give fewer responses to this blot.

62. Plate X

63. Pink, blue, gray, green, yellow, and orange ink. A loose assortment of brightly colored shapes, the most chaotic of the plates. Naughty bits: penis and testes (top center, gray ink). The unspoken purpose of this last blot is to test your organizational ability. Plate X is full of colorful odds and ends easy to identify---blue spiders, gray crabs, paired orange maple seeds, green caterpillars, a light-green rabbit's head, yellow and orange fried eggs--and you're expected to list them. But the psychologist will also be looking for a comprehensive answer, something that shows you grok the whole Gestalt. There are two good holistic answers: sea life and a view through a microscope. Some subjects see two reddish faces at top center, separated by the orange maple key. If you describe them as blowing bubbles or smoking pipes, it may be interpreted as evidence of an oral fixation. Seeing the gray "testes" and "penis" as two animals eating a stick or tree indicates castration anxiety.

64. What are “defense mechanisms?”

65. The EGO is the executive portion of your unconscious that weighs all of the options and makes a behavior choice. The EGO is constantly under pressure and stress to make “the right choice”. When you feel stressed, have self-doubts, worries….that’s and expression of the EGO.

66. In order to alleviate and avoid anxiety, the EGO has a number of defense mechanisms that is uses to redirect or alleviate stress.

68. Defense Mechanisms

69. Repression Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from conscious awareness. Instead of dealing with the stress, forget the issue altogether.

70. Repression is when someone almost drowns as a child and can't remember the event -- but he still has a fear of open water. Repression is forgetting the last five minutes leading up to a car crash, or not being able to recall the face of a mugger.

71. Regression occurs when we revert to comfort behaviors to ease the stress away.

72. A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they feel scared or threatened. Teenagers may giggle uncontrollably when introduced into a social situation involving the opposite sex. A freshman college student may need to bring an old toy from home.

73. Reaction Formation The correct choice of behavior is not socially acceptable, so the EGO chooses a behavior that is exactly opposite in order to cover up for some perceived inadequacy.

74. An individual who can’t accept their homosexuality may become overly macho and a gay basher. A women who has had an abortion may become a pro-life protester.

75. Projection Disguising stressful character flaws by attributing them to others.

76. You didn’t fail the group project because you were lazy, your group members didn’t do good research, they didn’t put together a good product, they weren’t dedicated. It’s not your fault you cheated on your spouse. They worked late, they had a lot of male friends, they became “distant”.

77. Rationalization Offers self-justifying explanations for our behaviors; we offer excuses for our behaviors

78. “What I’m doing is okay because everyone else is doing it” “I could have done better but I really didn’t care” “I’m a recovering alcoholic, but just one drink on the holiday is ok.” “I really didn’t want to go to that school anyway, it was too expensive, too far away.”

79. Displacement Diverting or shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable (or less threatening) object or person, instead of dealing with the issue straightforwardly

80. When you strike out in a baseball game, you can’t yell at the umpire, so instead you kick a trash can or punch the water cooler. You can’t yell at your incompetent boss, but you can go home and kick the dog and yell at your wife.

81. Denial Denial is not forgetting. It involves not accepting the truth and continue living on as if the stress isn’t there.

82. Bill and Sally broke up, though Bill can’t accept it. He continues to call Sally, waits by her locker at the end of school, and plans for the prom in Spring. You’re in debt and almost bankrupt, but you still buy the fancy shoes and go out for fine dinners.

83. Sublimation An individual satisfies the ID through a socially acceptable behavior.

84. When someone who has a book fetish works as a librarian. A sex addict may take up a painting class with nude models. Someone with anger issues takes up boxing.

86. What are the stages of a developing personality?

87. Freud believed that a person’s personality forms during life’s first few years, in a series of psychosexual stages

88. During each of the stages, the ID’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure- sensitive area of the body (erogenous zones)

89. Failure to achieve a proper resolution through the development of the superego, however, will make the child fixated in the present stage. This is believed to be the cause of many personality and behavioral disorders.

90. Stage 1 – ORAL (0-18 mos.) Stage 2 – ANAL (18-36) Stage 3 – PHALLIC (3-6 years) Stage 4 – LATENCY (6-Puberty) Stage 5 – GENITAL (Puberty on)

91. Oral Stage (0 -18 mos.) The ID is satisfied through the mouth, with actions such as suckling (as a sign of mother’s love), gumming, biting, and swallowing. Improper satisfaction leads to oral fixations, such as chewing on nails and pencils, overeating, gum chewing, smoking.

92. Anal Stage (18 mos. – 3 yrs.) The ID is satisfied through the anus, in terms of bowel movements (potty training). A child learns for the first time that they have control over something. If parents are too harsh, the child may become anal retentive (overly clean, overly organized, controlling) If parents are too lenient, the child may become anal expulsive (disorganized, sloppy, reckless, careless)

93. Phallic Stage (3 - 5) The ID is satisfied through the genitals as children discover their bodies, and the opposite sex. Boys will naturally be attracted to girls, especially their mothers. Unless they resolve what is a proper attraction, they may develop an Oedipus Complex. This means they constantly compete with their father’s for their mother’s attention, and may fear that their father’s want to castrate them (castration anxiety).

94. Girls will be naturally attracted to their fathers, and if they don’t resolve their attractions, they may develop an Electra Complex (competing with their mother’s for their father’s attention). Girls may also realize that they were born without a penis, and want one because they see that men have more power and control (penis envy).

95. Latency Stage (5 - Puberty) Children enter school, make new friends, play sports and other activities, and the ID is dormant. Social relationships are formed, academics and other social activities become the focus.

96. Genital Stage (Puberty - ?) The ID is once again satisfied through the genitals. Sexual relationships dominate social interactions. There are no inherent fixations in this stage, just the manifestations of disorders from earlier fixations. Girls date guys just like dad, or guys masturbate excessively (phallic stage). Guys are afraid to date for fear of leaving home (oral stage), girls are preoccupied with careers and competition (anal stage) instead of dating.

97. The Expression of Personality

98. The trait perspective is interested solely on classifying personalities into groups based on specific patterns of behavior. It labels personality types based on common characteristics of those types.

99. A “type” is a behavior title accompanied by a list of traits and outward behavioral expressions common amongst people of that “type” – IE. Some personalities are “happy” types, and they smile a lot, walk with a bounce in their step, are polite,, optimistic, etc.

100. Type A Personality – people tend to feel a sense of pressure and are easily angered. Competitive and ambitious. Work and play hard. Type B Personality – people tend to be relaxed and easygoing.

101. Type A Type B

102. Personality Inventories – A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits and then classify a “type” of personality

103. The Big Five – Many personality tests are based on five basic personality “types”’ – Each type is broken down into six different traits – When you answer a personality questionnaire, you are answering questions based on these thirty traits

104. Type 1 – Emotional Stability – Are you: Calm vs. Anxious Secure vs. Insecure Self-Satisfied vs. Self-Pitying

105. Type 2 – Extraversion – Are you: Sociable vs. Retiring Fun-Loving vs. Sober Affectionate vs. Reserved

106. Type 3 – Openness – Are you: Imaginative vs. Practical Variety vs. Routine Independent vs. Conforming

107. Type 4 – Agreeableness – Are you: Soft-hearted vs. Ruthless Trusting vs. Suspicious Helpful vs. Uncooperative

108. Type 5 – Conscientiousness – Are you: Organized vs. Disorganized Careful vs. Careless Disciplined vs. Impulsive

110. Does the environment influence personality?

111. Internal locus of control means that we control our own destiny and behaviors. Confident, self-assured. External locus of control means that our personalities and behaviors are shaped by outside forces. Luck, blame others, the “victim”.

112. Albert Bandura – behaviors and personalities are influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context and the environment

113. The interaction between the environment and an individual is called reciprocal determination

114. Self-Efficacy A person's belief in their own competence. Based on an individual’s personality and perception of control. People will be more inclined to take on a task if they believe they can succeed. People generally avoid tasks where their self- efficacy is low, but will engage in tasks where their self-efficacy is high.