1. Ch. 2 Linda Yellin

2.  1. Content  2. Clarity  3. Conciseness  4. Elimination of slang, colloquialisms, trite expressions,  and jargon  5. Tone  6. Bias – free language  7. Spelling  8. Grammar  9. Uniformity  10.Format

3.  Introduction ◦ The introduction tells the reader:  what the topic of the paper is in general terms,  why the topic is important  what to expect in the paper. ◦ Introductions should:  funnel from general ideas to the specific topic of the paper  justify the research that will be presented later ◦ Introductions are sometimes folded into literature reviews

4. A research report has seven components: 2. Introduction—an example

5.  A sociological article, paper, or report generally covers only one important topic of interest and conveys evidence and interpretations of evidence.  Research reports are NOT creative writing, opinion pieces, poems, novels, letters, musings, memoirs, or interesting to read.

6.  A research paper has three sections: introduction, body paragraphs, and the conclusion.  Headings created for subsections of papers body to make reading easier.  Ideas: Did you develop them sufficiently? Are they understandable?  Do you need to add more information?  Make sure every sentence says something necessary and important.  "Juvenile delinquency is a social problem" is poorly written

7.  Order  make sure paper progresses and orderly way. Check to see if the organization of your paper followed your outline.  An outline helps you see where arguments are not supported by evidence  Balance  Supply sufficient evidence, but not too much. To support a point, use two good quotes, as opposed to five redundant quotes

8.  Emphasis  Repeat major points for emphasis using different words. Don't make the reader do the  work of figuring out how your paper progresses or what is important  Transitions – indicates logical relationships between sentences. Indicates to reader that you are shifting to a new idea, or highlights  how certain material should be understood

9.  to Indicate Addition: additionally, again, finally, furthermore;  to Indicate comparison: by comparison, likewise, similarly  to indicate contrast: although but, conversely, despite, notwithstanding, nevertheless, nonetheless  regardless, yet, on the contrary;  to indicate concession: certainly, given that, naturally, undoubtedly,

10.  to Indicate examples: after all, for example, for instance, such as, to illustrate;  to Indicate location: around, below, beyond, to the north, to the south;  to Indicate sequence: again, finally, first, second, third, moreover, next,  to indicate results: as a result, because, consequently, therefore;  to indicate time: after, as soon as, at that time, since, earlier;

11.  To Indicate Repetition: as has been argued, demonstrated, indicated, as this paper has indicated, noted, stated  as mentioned earlier, as noted earlier; as stated earlier;  To Indicate Summary or Conclusion: as a result, consequently, in conclusion, in some, on the whole, therefore, to conclude, to summarize;

12.  Read through document and eliminate wordiness. Make sure each word in  your paper accounts. Get rid of the fluff, the filler, the useless words, meaningless sentences. “in other words” change to  regarding;  Wordy: beginning to learn concise: learns  is able to start starts  person of the masculine sex males

13.  Slang: awesomeformal: remarkable  bash party  dude chap  stinks low-quality

14.  Boozealcohol  flunkfail  copspolice officers  kids children  Trite Expressions  law and orderlaw abiding  powers that bethe authorities  last but not leastlast

15.  When writing a paper do not use the jargon of your specialty area. Imagine the audience you're writing to be broader then just people from your field who are familiar with the jargon.  Ex: the perpetratorthe subject  the collarthe arrested subject  ethnomethodology what happens when people consciously break norms;

16.  Eliminate contractions: “don’t change to do not!  Eliminate first – person and second – person pronouns  I, me, my, mine  We, our, ours  You, your, yours  Makes your sentences more formal;

17.  Avoid terminology reflecting stereotypes based on gender, race, ethnicity, age,  social class, disabilities, religion, family status, sexual orientation, or other personal characteristics.  What is the matter with the term “illegal alien”?

18.  Don't use: Do Use  man – madeartificial, synthetic  manpowerworkforce, staff  mankindhumanity, the human race  mannedstaffed, handled  forefathersancestors  assemblymanmember of the assembly  Congressmanmember of Congress