2. Skeletal system

3. CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS Bones are the organs of the skeletal system. Bones are the organs of the skeletal system. Composed of many different tissue types.Composed of many different tissue types. Provide support and protection for softer tissues. Provide support and protection for softer tissues. Degree of protection indicates importance of tissues being protected.Degree of protection indicates importance of tissues being protected.

4. CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS (cont.) Act with muscles to promote movement (act as levers). Act with muscles to promote movement (act as levers). Produce blood cells. Contain Marrow Produce blood cells. Contain Marrow Red Marrow (found in long bones, etc.)Red Marrow (found in long bones, etc.) Red blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells White blood cells Platlets Platlets Yellow MarrowYellow Marrow Provide for fat storage. Provide for fat storage.

5. CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS (cont.) Storage of inorganic salts (Ca & P) Storage of inorganic salts (Ca & P) Shape related to function (structure Function Correlation) Shape related to function (structure Function Correlation) Projections for attachment of tendons and ligaments. (processes)Projections for attachment of tendons and ligaments. (processes) Openings-Passageways for blood and nerves. (foramens)Openings-Passageways for blood and nerves. (foramens) Ends modified to form joints for movement.Ends modified to form joints for movement.

6. LONG BONE STRUCTURE Epiphysis – Larger portion at end of bone. Usually part of a joint. Articulates. Epiphysis – Larger portion at end of bone. Usually part of a joint. Articulates. Articular Cartilage – Hyaline Cartilage on the joint surface of the Epiphysis. Articular Cartilage – Hyaline Cartilage on the joint surface of the Epiphysis.

7. LONG BONE STRUCTURE Diaphysis – region between epiphyses Diaphysis – region between epiphyses Periosteum – fibrous outer covering of bone. Attaches to ligaments and tendons. Helps form and repair bone. Periosteum – fibrous outer covering of bone. Attaches to ligaments and tendons. Helps form and repair bone.

8. LONG BONE STRUCTURE Compact bone – Tightly Packed bone tissue in the wall of the Diaphyis. Compact bone – Tightly Packed bone tissue in the wall of the Diaphyis. Spongy Bone – Branching bone with numerous space and surfaces. Lowers weight. Often found in epiphysis. Spongy Bone – Branching bone with numerous space and surfaces. Lowers weight. Often found in epiphysis.

9. LONG BONE STRUCTURE Medullary cavity – space inside compact bones diaphysis. Medullary cavity – space inside compact bones diaphysis. Marrow – soft connective tissue that produces blood cells. Marrow – soft connective tissue that produces blood cells.

10. Bone Formation Osteocytes – Bone cells Osteocytes – Bone cells Osteoblasts – Bone forming cells Osteoblasts – Bone forming cells Osteoclasts – Dissolve bone tissue Osteoclasts – Dissolve bone tissue

11. Bone Formation Intermembranous bone Intermembranous bone Flat bones of the skull.Flat bones of the skull. Produced in between two layers of connective tissue.Produced in between two layers of connective tissue. Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around themselves in all directions producing spongy bone.Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around themselves in all directions producing spongy bone.

12. Intermembranous bone On the outside osteoblasts cover spongy bone with compact bone.On the outside osteoblasts cover spongy bone with compact bone. Once surrounded by Matrix, osteoblasts are called osteocytes.Once surrounded by Matrix, osteoblasts are called osteocytes.

13. Endochondral bone formation Endochondral bones Endochondral bones Long bones.Long bones. Begin as CartilageBegin as Cartilage Center starts to break downCenter starts to break down Periosteum surrounds bone and begins to have osteoblasts build spongy bone from the center out (Primary Ossification Center.)Periosteum surrounds bone and begins to have osteoblasts build spongy bone from the center out (Primary Ossification Center.)

14. Long bone formation(cont) Osteoblasts begin producing compact bone near periosteum.Osteoblasts begin producing compact bone near periosteum. Bone begins to form in Epiphyses through the same process(Secondary OC)Bone begins to form in Epiphyses through the same process(Secondary OC) Between the 1st and 2nd OC a band of cartilage remains (Epiphyseal Disk) this band contains growing/multiplying cells. As this disk grows, the bone lengthens (Growth plate)Between the 1st and 2nd OC a band of cartilage remains (Epiphyseal Disk) this band contains growing/multiplying cells. As this disk grows, the bone lengthens (Growth plate)

15. Long bone (3) Osteoclasts eventually begin breaking down the bone tissue on the inside, producing space for Marrow and new bone tissue.Osteoclasts eventually begin breaking down the bone tissue on the inside, producing space for Marrow and new bone tissue. Bone goes through a cycle of breaking down and rebuilding throughout your lifeBone goes through a cycle of breaking down and rebuilding throughout your life

19. Divisions of the Skeletal system Axial Axial Central ColumnCentral Column Protects and supports the head, neck, and trunk.Protects and supports the head, neck, and trunk.

20. AXIAL PartsParts Skull Skull Hyoid process Hyoid process Vertebral column (spine) Vertebral column (spine) CervicalCervical ThoracicThoracic LumbarLumbar PelvicPelvic Sacrum Sacrum Coccyx Coccyx Thoracic Cage (ribs) Thoracic Cage (ribs)

21. Appendicular skeleton Provides support for appendages (Limbs) Provides support for appendages (Limbs) Pectoral Girdle:Pectoral Girdle: Made up of Scapula and Clavicle Made up of Scapula and Clavicle Supports Forelimbs (arms) Supports Forelimbs (arms) HumerusHumerus Radius & UlnaRadius & Ulna CarpelsCarpels MetacarpelsMetacarpels PhalangesPhalanges

22. Appendicular skeleton (cont.) Pelvic Girdle:Pelvic Girdle: Made up of two Coxal bones Made up of two Coxal bones Supports Hind limbs (legs) Supports Hind limbs (legs) FemurFemur Tibia & FibulaTibia & Fibula PatellaPatella TarsalsTarsals MetatarsalsMetatarsals PhalangesPhalanges

23. Joints

24. Joints JOINT TYPES: JOINT TYPES: Classified as to amount and type of movement allowed.Classified as to amount and type of movement allowed. Immovable: Immovable: No movement.No movement. Contain sutures of fibrous connective tissue between bones.Contain sutures of fibrous connective tissue between bones. Ex. cranium.Ex. cranium.

25. Joint types Slightly movable: Slightly movable: limited movement (bending or twisting only).limited movement (bending or twisting only). connected by cartliagenous disks, fibro- cartliage or ligaments.connected by cartliagenous disks, fibro- cartliage or ligaments. Ex. vertebral column (spine).Ex. vertebral column (spine).

26. Joint Types Freely Movable: Freely Movable: Most joints.Most joints. Ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage.Ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage. Possess synovial membrane which forms capsule (bursae) filled with synovial fluid.Possess synovial membrane which forms capsule (bursae) filled with synovial fluid.

27. Freely movable. Ball and Socket:Ball and Socket: widest range of movement. widest range of movement. all planes. all planes. rotational also. rotational also. Ex. shoulder & hip Ex. shoulder & hip

28. Freely movable Condyloid: (oval)Condyloid: (oval) variety of movements. variety of movements. no rotational. no rotational. Ex. metacarples & phalanges. Ex. metacarples & phalanges.

29. Freely movable Gliding: (flat)Gliding: (flat) sliding and twisting movements. sliding and twisting movements. Ex. wrist and ankle. Ex. wrist and ankle.

30. Freely movable Hinge:Hinge: one plane only. (like hinge on door). one plane only. (like hinge on door). Ex. phalanges & elbow. Ex. phalanges & elbow.

31. Freely movable Pivot:Pivot: rotational only. rotational only. Ex. radius and ulna ends. Ex. radius and ulna ends.

32. Freely movable Saddle:Saddle: variety of movements. variety of movements. Ex. carpal & metacarpal (thumb). Ex. carpal & metacarpal (thumb).