Global Studies Regents Review Mr. Giesler Global Studies.

Global Studies Regents Review Mr. Giesler Global Studies

Part One The Ancient World

Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions (4000 B.C.E. – C.E. 500)
Key IDs Nomad Technology Pharaoh Empire Cultural diffusion Civilization Fertile crescent Middle Kingdom Neolithic Polytheistic Cuneiform Dynasty Paleolithic gods Hammurabi

Ancient World: Civilizations and Religions (4000 B.C.E. – C.E. 500)
The first humans – believed to have appeared over 2M years ago Hunters and Gatherers Simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, and wood Development of Farming The Neolithic Revolution Gave up their nomadic way of life Early civilizations developed in river valleys Developed systems of government, social structures, and belief systems Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas mover from one culture to another Cultural Diffusion

Early Peoples Hunters and Gatherers Adapting to the Environment
The Old Stone Age also known as the Paleolithic Age Known as Nomads Moved from place to place to hunt and gather their food Simple social structures – people who traveled together Adapting to the Environment Made simple tools and weapons from wood, bone, and stone Developed languages to communicate Animal skin for clothing

Early Peoples Spiritual Beliefs Migration
Towards the end of the Old Stone Age, began to bury their dead with care Believed in the afterlife Buried tools and weapons with dead Migration Lived in East Africa Spread to all parts of the world Land Bridge Migration led to Cultural Diffusion

Neolithic Revolution Climate Change brings new patterns of life
Old Stone Age Ends Climate Change brings new patterns of life Plants supplant ice Learned to farm – domesticated Permanent villages – art and architecture emerges Neolithic Revolution OR Agricultural Revolution

Neolithic Revolution New social classes created
More food equals more people New social classes created Scarce resources results in war Chiefs or headsman emerge New Technology Calendars, plows, the wheel, metal weapons, and metal tools

Neolithic Revolution Rise of Civilizations Rich, fertile lands
River Valleys Rich, fertile lands Cities and Governments emerge New Rulers emerge – ordered public works projects such as roads, bridges, canals, and defensive walls Skilled craftsman emerge – pottery, cloth, and other Religion – polytheistic (many gods) System of writing – cuneiform, pictures

Egypt One of the earliest civilizations (5000 years ago) Nile River Yearly floods soaked the land and left rich deposits of silt which kept the land fertile Religion – polytheistic sun-god Amon-Re was the chief god Belief in life after death Government – Pharaoh, who was both god and king Pyramids

Egypt Mummification Ruling families
Social Classes – Pharaoh, priests, nobles (fought the wars), craftspeople and merchants, peasant farmers, and slaves Women help a higher status than in other ancient civilizations; could divorce, own land, and enter business deals Contributions – mummification, which helped them understand the human body, calendar, hieroglyphics, the pyramids

Mesopotamia Tigris and Euphrates Persian Gulf Mediterranean
The Fertile Crescent Tigris and Euphrates Persian Gulf Mediterranean Location allowed for frequent migration and invasions Diversity made it difficult to unite all people into a single nation Known as the “Cradle of Civilization”

Mesopotamia Sumerian Civilization Sumer – 5000 years ago
Tigris and Euphrates New City-States – would frequently fought against each other for water and land Religion – polytheistic most gods were closely tied to the forces of nature

Mesopotamia Sumerian Civilization
Ziggurat – shrine that housed a particular city-state’s chief god Government – chief servant to the gods Enforce laws and collect taxes Maintained the city walls and irrigation system Social Classes Economy – trade w Egypt Cuneiform, dikes, canals, wheeled vehicles, irrigation systems

Sumerian Civilization
First Empires Strong rulers and Empires The Assyrians – Upper Tigris By 600 BCE, conquered the entire fertile crescent Empire by the Persians under Darius takes down the Assyrians Hammurabi – the “great lawgiver” ,“The Code of Hammurabi”

Conquered much of Mesopotamia The Babylon Empire Collection of laws Standards of justice Punishment was harsh Learning and Technology – iron ore, which meant stronger plows and weapons Cultural Diffusion – not just beliefs…technology too

Indus River Valley Also in Mesopotamia The Indian subcontinent - extends into the Indian Ocean Mountains in the north limits contact with other cultures Monsoons – depended for crops, deadly floods 2500 years ago Archaeologists have uncovered impressive cities, but little else is known

China Mountains, deserts, and an ocean isolate China
Developed in the river valley of the Yellow River and Yangzi Mountains, deserts, and an ocean isolate China Believed that their civilizations was the center of the earth – The Middle Kingdom Government 1600 BCE – The Shang people or groups of families controlled China The Shang set up the first dynasty Social Structures – During the Shang Dynasty, noble warriors owned the land Merchants and craftspeople earned a living Peasants lived in farming villages

Consisted of 10K characters; reserved for the upper classes
China Religion – the Shang prayed to many gods and nature spirits Looked to their dead ancestors to intercede with the gods to help the living (Mulan) Believed that the universe was held in a delicate balance between two forces, the yin and the yang – when force were in balance, peace and prosperity would result Contributions – 4000 years ago – Chinese writing, included pictographs and ideographs (drawings of thoughts and ideas) Consisted of 10K characters; reserved for the upper classes

Demographic Patterns and Migration
Demography – the study of human populations Demographics patterns, or changes in populations over time, are often influenced by geographic features such as rivers. Rivers also served as highways for the transport of people and goods Bantu Migrations The Bantus – originally lived in W. Africa Skilled farmers and herders Migrated to the south and east in search of fertile land after the Sahara dried up 500BCE and 1500 CE, they spread their knowledge of farming and ironworking, as well as their language, across the continent. Today, about 1/3 of all Africans speak a language that includes a dialect of the Bantu

Demographic Patterns and Migration
Summarizing Early Peoples Who were they When Where Contributions Government Religion and Beliefs The Spreading of Ideas is known as what?

Laws of the Twelve Tables
Classical Civilizations Key IDs Mandate of Heaven Feudalism Qin Han Dynasty Maurya Dynasty Bureaucracy Asoka Polis Aristocracy Direct Democracy Hellenistic Republic Senate Patrician Plebeian Pax Romana Laws of the Twelve Tables Aqueduct Silk Road Cultural Diffusion

China Isolated Gobi Desert lays to the north
1027 BCE – 220 CE Isolated Gobi Desert lays to the north Mountain to the west and southwest Pacific Ocean to the east Shang united the area around the Yangzi River

China Zhou Dynasty – 1027 BCE – 221 BCE Overthrew Shang
Started own dynasty – lasted for almost 800 years Told the people that the gods had become angry at the Shang and chosen the Zhou to rule Mandate of Heaven – divine right to rule

China Zhou Dynasty – 1027 BCE – 221 BCE
Dynastic Cycle – the rise and fall of dynasties Feudal Government – The Zhou granted control of large areas of land to their supporters Feudalism – local lords controlled their own regions but owned military service to the ruler Feudal lords eventually came to hold real power in China Economy - Grew under the Zhou Began using tools; irrigation projects increased crop yields; new roads and canals Made first books

Centralized Government Abolished feudal system
Qin Dynasty 221BCE – 206BCE Shi Huangdi – The First Emperor Centralized Government Abolished feudal system Divided China into military districts Standardized measurements Created national coins promoted uniformity in Chinese writing repaired canals and roads Built the Great Wall – built to keep out invaders Terracotta

Qin Dynasty 221BCE – 206BCE Han Dynasty 206BCe – 220CE
First Emperor Dies Led by peasant leader – took the title of Gao Zu reduced taxes eased harsh policies of the Qin Civil Service Exams Based on the teachings of Confucius – spelled proper behavior, men were superior Made paper out of pulp Wheelbarrow Acupuncture Jade and Ivory carvings

The Decline or Fall of the Han Empire
The Han moved into Manchuria, Korea to the north, Vietnam to the south, and Tibet to the west Expansion helps to strengthen an empire, but it can also weaken it Decline of the Han Expansion Political – unable to contain or control the warlords Economic – Failure to maintain canals and roads High Taxes Oppressed peasants Military – Warlords overthrew the Han Empire split into several kingdoms Invaders overran the Great Wall and set up their own Kingdom

India – 1500BCE – 185BCE Geography – the subcontinent of India juts out from the Asian continent 3 regions – Northern Plains (fertile and well watered) , Deccan Plateau (Dry and sparsely populated), and Costal Plains (farming, fishing, and trading) Major rives – Indus and Ganges The Aryans and the Vedic Age Indo-Europeans warriors who moved into India from Europe and Asia Built no cities and left few artifacts The Vedas – collection of sacred writings

India – 1500BCE – 185BCE Mauryan Empire (321 BCE – 185 BCE)
Chandragupta Maurya – first ruler First gained power in the Ganges Valley Conquered much of Northern India Moved south, dominating the Deccan Plateau Well-organized government – set u a bureaucracy, which is a system of managing government through departments that are run by appointed officials Asoka and Reform – Chandragupta’s grandson Rejected further conquests Turned to Buddhism; tolerant of other beliefs

Greece – 1750BCE – 133BCE Adapted ideas from earlier cultures such as Mesopotamia and Egypt Developed their own idea about the role of the individual and government located in S.E. Europe; many mountains, isolated valleys, and small islands hundreds of scattered islands Created many small city-states – not a large empire Aegean and Mediterranean Seas Skilled sea traders

Greece – 1750BCE – 133BCE The Rise of City-States Militarism in Sparta
A city-state was also known as a polis; made up of two parts – the hilltop acropolis, which included marble temples. Main city of the flat ground, within a wall Between 750BCE – 500 BCE, had several different types of government. First, kings rules, and then next, landowning nobles (aristocracy) Two most powerful city-states were Sparta and Athens Shared a culture, but a different way of life Militarism in Sparta A warrior society – very rigid, children trained at a very young age Power would decline due to the inability to adapt to change

Limited Democracy in Athens
Pericles (460BCE-429 BCE) Direct Democracy – large number of male citizens took part in the day-to-day running of government Women were inferior Slaves did not participate Athens became the cultural center of Greece Great Thinkers, writers, and artists Alexander the Great Macedonia – mountain kingdom north of Greece 300BCE, Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece Alexander succeeds his father Built empire, which included the Nile Valley, Persia, and parts of India Spread Greek culture Hellenistic culture – blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian life More rights and opportunities to women, who gained some political power

Same gods and religious beliefs
Athens Limited Democracy Laws made by assembly Males Only Trade with others Education for boys Women inferior Sparta Monarchy Military society Trade and travel not allowed Military training for boys Women obey men Women own property Language Shared heroes Olympics Same gods and religious beliefs

Socrates Plato Aristotle
Developed Socratic method; learning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions Believed government should control lives Believed one strong and good leader should rule Government put him to death Divided society into three classes: workers, philosophers, and soldiers Believed people learned through reason Greek and Hellenistic Contributions An enduring legacy Philosophy – Greek thinkers tried to use observations and reason to understand why things happened Arts and Architecture – beauty, balance, and order. Greek paintings and statues were lifelike; building (Parthenon). Architects today still continue to use ancient Greek ideas. Science and Math – earth rotates on its axis and moves around the sun; Hippocrates studied the causes of illness and looked for cures; Pythagoras developed a formula to measure the sides of a right triangle.

Rome – 509BCE – 476BCE Romans drove out the Etruscans
Geography – Rome located in the center of Italy, which is a peninsula located in the Mediterranean; part of Europe The Roman Republic Romans drove out the Etruscans New form of government called a republic, officials were chose by the people; most powerful body was the Senate Senators were members of the landholding upper class, called patricians Two Consuls, who supervised the business of gov’t and commanded the army Plebeians – farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders, made up most of the population – had little power Male was head of household and had authority over wife and family Women gained some power – public roles and business owners

Rome – 509BCE – 476BCE Roman Empire
270BCE, Rome conquered all of Italy Conquered Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor Widens the gap b/t rich and poor Reform attempt lead to Civil War Julius Caesar came to power in 48BCE. Caesar made new acquisitions and reforms

Ruled with absolute power The Republic ends Roman Empire begins
Octavian or Augustus – grandnephew of Caesar Ruled with absolute power The Republic ends Roman Empire begins 200-year peace that began with Augustus is called Pax Romana, or Roman Peace Roman empire spread stability over a large area of the world, including parts of Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia

Roman Contributions Law – a system of laws was Rome’s greatest achievement; applied to all people and created a stable Roman empire Included – equality under the law, the right of the accused to face one’s accusers and mount a defense, and the idea of being considered innocent until prove guilty Plebeians demand written laws – Laws of the Twelve Tables: inscribed on 12 tablets; displayed in the marketplace.

Latin Language, which united the empire
Art, Architecture, and Engineering Borrowed much from the Greeks Latin Language, which united the empire Built a complex road system, bridges, harbors, and aqueducts Improved the arch and the dome

Growth of Global Trade Routes
Classical civilizations engaged in trade with one another – exchanged goods, technologies, and culture. Cultural Diffusion!!! Phoenician Trade – one of the earliest trading empires of the Middle East Made up of small city-state in what is today Lebanon and Syria. Manufactured glass from sand, dye, and created scrolls from Egyptian papyrus (paper) Ships sailed across the Med Most important contributions – the alphabet and system to record business transactions…the alphabet is the basis for OUR alphabet

The Fall of the Roman Empire
Rome extended its initial location in central Italy Roman army too much for its neighbors…very organized, disciplined, and rigid By 44BCE Roman power extended throughout the Med…From Spain to parts of Asia Minor…into what is now France and Britain…In other words, it was BIG! Decline – result of internal and external pressures Overexpansion high taxes Foreign Invasions Empire split into two 476 CE, Germanic People conquer Rome and the West is done. East lives on and became known as the Byzantine Empire

Growth of Global Trade Routes
India’s Trade Trade b/t India and Mesopotamia Alexander the Great opens up the doors into the Med Indian textiles, gems, and spices were in big demand China and the Silk Road Han Dynasty opens up the Silk Road Linked China with lands as far west as Mesopotamia 4K miles long Roman Trade During Pax Romana – trade flowed freely throughout the empire Trade included China

Belief Systems Key IDs Questions to consider during this section
Animism Buddha Hijra Brahman Nirvana Quran Reincarnation Monotheistic Sharia Karma Torah Missionary Dharma Messiah Diaspora Upanishads Bible Cultural Diffusion Questions to consider during this section What are the specific characteristics of the major religions and beliefs systems? How are they the same? How are they different? How do they affect culture? How did they spread from one region to another?

Animism Every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit
Development – religious beliefs developed during very early cultures/civilizations Animism Every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit The primary belief of early people Early religious systems would combine animism with reverence to their ancestors Shang China believed that the spirits of deceased ancestors could affect life in either a positive or negative manner

Hinduism Unifying Spirit No single founder
One of the oldest religions and one of the most complex No single founder Developed over 3500 years ago Developed in India The Sacred Text –Upanishads & Vedas Unifying Spirit Believed in one unifying spirit Brahman, the unifying spirit is too complex for humans to understand; Hindus worship gods that give a more concrete form to Brahman The three gods – Brahma the Creator, The Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer Believers – goal is to achieve union with Brahman

Reincarnation Karma and Dharma Castes
Achieving union with Brahman occurs when people free themselves from the selfish desires that separate them from the universal spirit Most people cannot achieve this union in one lifetime Rebirth – rebirth of the soul in a new body allows people to continue their journey People get closer to this union by being born higher and higher level of existence Karma and Dharma obeying karma gets you closer to Brahman All deeds affect his or her existence in the next life Dharma – follow good deeds; the moral and religious duties that is expected Gender, class, age, and occupation all affect dharma Castes Social Groups Good Karma = Higher Caste; Bad Karma = Lower Caste

Hinduism Caste System The caste system is an important part of Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime. In Next Life In This Life If good and obeys caste rules Higher Caste A Person Is born into a caste If bad and breaks caste rules Lower Caste

Buddhism The Four Noble Truths Also in India
500 BCE Also in India Founder Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha Buddha – the Enlightened One Sacred Text – “Three Baskets of Wisdom” The Four Noble Truths All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire

Eightfold Path Buddhism accepts karma, dharma, and reincarnation.
right views, right intentions, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation Buddhism accepts karma, dharma, and reincarnation. Rejects the many Hindu gods Rejects caste system

Confucianism Superior Subordinate Confucius – enlightened thinker
Born 551 BCE Developed during the Zhou Dynasty – troubled times; wars, economic hardship, social issues Sacred Text – The Analects Taught people to accept their given place in society Place in society is determined through five key relationships Superior Subordinate Ruler Ruled Husband Wife Parent Child Elder Brother Youngest Brother Friend Confucius believed all people are naturally good Education should be the road to advancement in society The individual must find and accept his or her proper place in society

Taoism Another Chinese philosophy Taoism or Daoism
Help people live in harmony with nature Founder – Laozi Tao = “The Way” of the universe Yielding and acceptance Rejected the world and human government and withdrew to become hermits, mystics, or poets Balance between yin and yang Yin – Earth, darkness, and female forces Yang – Heaven, light, and male forces Peace and well-being of universe depends on harmony between yin and yang

Legalism Emerged during the same time period as Confucianism and Taoism Legalists assume human nature was evil and that people must be restricted by laws Promoted a strong central government Strong central government was necessary to maintain peace and order Believed in harsh punishment; people would obey if harsh punishment was the rule of law Believed that the ruler should have unquestioned authority Believed that there should only be tow occupations: farmers and soldiers Examples: slap my face, I cut off your hand; kick my butt, lose your foot

Judaism God made a covenant, or binding agreement , to be the God of the Hebrews Believed that God gave them the 10 Commandments through Moses; laws that describe how people should behave toward God and each other The Old Testament of the Bible includes the Torah The Torah also sets out many other laws that establish the moral basis for Judaism The Prophets – writing from spiritual leaders (scriptures) urged people to act accordingly Strong influence on Christianity and Islam

Judaism Hebrews – nomadic group that came from the Fertile Crescent Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt, and God helped them escape slavery 1000 BCE – Hebrews establish the Kingdom of Israel Believed God had promised them the land Belief in one God – monotheistic Sacred Text – The Torah

Christianity Teachings of a Jew named Jesus 30 CE
Began in Palestine Teachings of a Jew named Jesus 30 CE Became official religion of the Roman Empire by 392 CE

Christianity Jesus Mary – told that Jesus would be the Messiah (savior sent by God) Jesus worshiped God and followed Jewish Law Traveled preaching and teaching new beliefs Romans considered him dangerous Arrested, tried, and crucified After death, followers said he had risen from the grave Followers continued to spread his teachings Romans persecuted Christians Constantine ended the persecutions Sacred Text – the Bible

Islam Believe in one God Muhammad Born in Mecca
622 CE Believe in one God Muhammad Born in Mecca Troubled by the idol worship of the Arabs Angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad to spread the message of Islam Meccan merchants threatened to kill him; journeyed to Medina

Islam Beliefs Followers are called Muslims Five Pillars Sacred Text
Hijra – the journey Beliefs Followers are called Muslims Five Pillars Sacred Text Quran Sharia – body of laws developed by Muslim scholars; a system designed to unite Muslims of different backgrounds

Pillar One All Muslims must confess their faith It affirms oneness to an all powerful God (only believe in Allah) Respect Christians and Jews Second Pillar Muslims must pray five time’s a day Must be facing Mecca, using the same set of words and motions Third Pillar giving to charity It reflects Islamic view that wealthy people should assist the poor and week Fourth Pillar Fasting or giving up food occurs in the ninth month of the Muslim calendar during Ramadan No eating or drinking sun up till sun down during this month Fifth Pillar Pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a lifetime

Cultural Diffusion Expansion of World Religions
Buddhism – Mauryan Ruler Asoka sent messengers to spread Buddhist beliefs Traders and Missionaries spread Buddhism far beyond India Judaism Romans expelled the Jews from Palestine in 135 CE Diaspora – scattering of people Wherever Jews settled, they lived in close-knit societies Christianity Christian Missionaries Through the Roman Empire Islam Islam spread after the death of Muhammad through military conquests Cultural Diffusion

Part Two The World Expands

The Gupta Empire Geography Influence of Hinduism Role of Government
India 320 CE – 520 CE Gave power to local leaders United most of the India subcontinent Promoted peace and prosperity Hinduism played a big role Geography Remember the Maurya Dynasty? Geography helped in many ways. Mountains protected from foreign invasion; Indus and Ganges Rivers provided water and fertile soil Influence of Hinduism The Gupta Dynasty adopted and promoted Hinduism Affected social life of the Gupta villages through the caste system Role of Government Gupta emperors ruled Gave great power to local leaders; elected by merchants and artisans Each village, a local council made decisions Most respected people served on the council

The Gupta Empire Role of Hinduism
Role of Women – Early time women served on councils; Hindu law would change this role – greater restrictions on women Role of Hinduism Hindu concepts dominate Caste System People could not change their caste in one lifetime, but….. Life During the Gupta Empire Village was the center Villages ran their own affairs and faced little resistance from the central gov’t…as long as they paid their taxes Village governed by caste rules Higher the caste the stricter the rules; designed to keep them from being contaminated by people within the lower castes The Untouchables – outcasts who lived harsh lives; given jobs that were considered impure such as cleaning the streets or digging graves; had to live apart from the other members of Gupta society; people who violated social norms were punished by being made Untouchable; outside the caste system;

Scientific and Artistic Contributions…what makes the Gupta important
Education at all religious institutions Students learned math, medicine, physics, and languages Math = Developed the concept of zero and the decimal system; developed the system of writing numerals that we use today Medicine – use of herbs to treat illnesses; plastic surgery; vaccination (small pox)….1000 years before the practice began in Europe Architecture – stone temples for Hindu worship; stupas – large dome-shaped shrines that contained the remains of holy people Literature – Poets and Playwrights End of Gupta After 200 years, the Gupta empire declined because of weak rulers and foreign invaders.

Tang and Song Dynasties
Tang Dynasty Tributary State Song Dynasty Porcelain Calligraphy Pagoda Gentry The fall of the Han Dynasty, 200 CE China was divided for 400 years 600s, Tang Taizong, a young general established the Tang Dynasty Ruled from Vast Empire Forced Vietnam and Korea to become Tributary States Remained independent, but had to acknowledge China’s greatness and send tribute (payment) Government and Society Confucianist beliefs guided the government and society Stressed social order; based on duty, rank, and proper behavior Strict social order: Gentry, peasantry, and the merchants Gentry – wealthy landowners, study Confucian ideas, some become civil servants Peasants – majority of population; farmers Merchants – Lowest status; can become wealthy; lived off the skills of others

Achievements Land Reform Tang, land reform redistributed land to the peasants Large landowners had less power Peasants could contribute to government through taxes Expanded Trade Foreign Trade Trade with India, Persia, and the Middle East Became expert ship builders and became a naval power Issued paper currency – the world’s first Canals; The Grand Canal, links the Huang He and Yangzi Calligraphy – fine handwriting Pagoda – a temple with a roof that curved up at the corners Porcelain – type of pottery Influence on Japan , Japanese used China as a model Cultural Diffusion Adopted language, food, dress, music, dance, and gardens….with their own flare 800s stopped traveling to China

The Byzantine Empire and Russia
Justinian Autocrat Justinian’s Code Schism Kiev Icon Patriarch Czar Mosaic Geography Late 200s, Roman Empire divided 330, Emperor Constantine built a new capital in Constantinople…the Byzantine Empire begins Constantinople = the New Rome…bearer of Roman heritage Byzantine Empire stretched from Rome to Asia Minor, included S.E. Europe, Egypt, parts of Spain, and N. Africa Spreading Culture Situated within the Mediterranean, the Byzantine Empire was able to spread a blend of Greek, Roman, Christian influence throughout the region Russia – thriving economic relationship with Constantinople, allowing Kiev to become the center of Russia

Justinian’s Code of Law
Byzantine Empire Reached its peak under the emperor Justinian Reigned from CE Autocratic Ruler – a single rule with complete authority Hoped to reclaim the western Roman empire that invading tribes has seized Able to recover parts of the west, but at an expense…very expensive A political and cultural force for nearly 1000 years after the fall of Rome Justinian’s Code of Law Civil Law Included Roman laws, legal writings, and a student handbook Would become the basis of law for both the Roman Catholic Church and medieval rulers Today, international law is influenced by the code Icons – holy images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or saints of the Orthodox Christian Church The Orthodox Christian Church Divisions had grown between he Church in Rome and the Byzantine Church Imperial authority over the Church controlled the business of the Church and appointed the patriarch – the highest church official in Constantinople The emperor was considered Jesus’ co-ruler on earth Byzantine Christians did NOT believe that the pope in Rome had supreme authority over them

Difference with the West
Other divisions widen the gap between the Church in the East and the Roman Church; priests could marry, Greek, not Latin was the language, Use of icons – many believed that the emphasis placed on Icons by the Byzantines bordered on idolatry Christian Schism – 1054, the final split; (schism = split) between the Orthodox Christian Church in the East and the Roman Catholic Church Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Reached its height under Justinian After his reign, the empire lost land to invading armies Weakened by internal court struggles and constant warfare

Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
Weakened by internal court struggles and constant warfare 4th Crusade (early 1200s), Western Christians took Constantinople and ruled it for 50 years The Final Blow – The Ottoman empire , in 1453 took Constantinople (Instanbul) Russian and Eastern Europe Russian state established in the 800s Kiev, major city (Ukraine) Located on the Dneiper River States, such as Poland, Hungary, and Serbia were establish in Eastern Europe Settlers from the West Trade with the Byzantines helped bring Eastern Europe into the sphere of influence Bible translated into Slavic languages The alphabet, called the Cyrillic alphabet (after a monk named Cyril)

Orthodox Christianity
Byzantine missionaries brought Orthodox Christianity to Russia Faith remains a powerful force today Close relationship between church and empire Church became an important arm of state power Autocratic Government Autocracy became the norm in Russia Rulers were known as Czars (Czar = Caesar)

Islam Civilizations Key IDs The Spread of Islam Early 600s
Caliph Shiite Sharia Sunni Abbassid Dynasty Averroes Umayyad Dynasty Cultural Diffusion The Spread of Islam Early 600s Arabian peninsula Founder – Muhammad Abu Bakr – the first Caliph; the first successor to Muhammad Caliphate – period of time when Muslims were ruled by calpihs (unit the 900s)

The Spread of Islam Middle East North Africa Spain
Islam spread rapidly Abu Bakr was successful in uniting Arabs in the Islam faith Military campaign to conquer lands Conquered the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, Egypt, and Spain Battle of Tours in 732 – when the push by Muslims into Europe was stopped Middle East Arab armies took control of the Middle East in the early 600s Syria and Palestine defeated by the Arabs Egypt and Persia followed North Africa mid-to late 600s Initially fought against each other Would join forces to conquer Spain Spain Muslim conquers parts of southern and western Europe, especially Spain and Sicily 700s, attacked Spain Middle Ages – Europe was weak

The Spread of Islam India Early 700s, conquered the Indus Valley
100s and 1100s, Turks conquered most of Northern India By 1200, Turks created a Muslim Empire in Delhi S.E. Asia After the Muslims took control of India in 1200s, Islam spread into Asia Cultural Diffusion Islam spread through trade Thriving trade networks established Reason for Success Skilled Fighters Overwhelmed their opponents Up against weak empires – Byzantine and Persia weak from fighting each other United in the belief in Islam Treated conquered people fairly Often, people in defeated by Muslims welcomed the change; the change from harsh rulers Many converted to Islam

The Spread of Islam Islamic Law
System of laws to help people understand the Quran Sharia – the Islamic system of law Regulated moral behavior, family life, business, government, and other areas of community life Acted as a uniting force for Muslims The Quran applied to all aspects of life Divisions within Islam Sunnis and Shiites Divisions grew among Muslims about who should be Muhammad’s successor Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders Sunni Muslims did not view the caliph as a religious authority Shiites believed that only the descendants of the prophet Muhammad should be his successors Descendants were divinely inspired The split continues today

Societal Patterns Muslim Empires
Muslim society allowed more social mobility than did medieval European society Arabs considered themselves superior to non-Arabs – would decline over time Possible to move up the social ladder; especially through religious, scholarly, or military achievements Special tax on non-Muslims Allowed to practice their own faiths Slavery continued – slaves from Spain, Greece, Africa, India, and Asia Slaves worked as house servants and craftspeople Possible to buy freedom Convert and children would be free Muslim Empires Umayyad Empire (661) Ruled the Muslim world until 750 Abbassid Dynasty (mid 1200s)

Umayyad Dynasty Muslim world grew under the Umayyad Dynasty
Umayyad Empire (661) Muslim world grew under the Umayyad Dynasty Capital Damascus NOT Mecca Conquests brought wealth Challenges ruling large cities and territories Relied on local officials to help their growing empire Cultural Diffusion – allowing local officials from Byzantine and Persia to continue to monitor their local areas, traditions from each government influenced Islamic leaders Conquests slowed in the 700s Tensions developed between rich and poor Non-Arabs complained they fewer rights than Arab Muslims Shiites opposed the Umayyads because the Umayyads had killed a descendent of Muhammad

Political Divisions Abbassid Dynasty 750, captured Damascus
Unhappy Muslims found a leader in Abu al-Abbas 750, captured Damascus Ruled until the mid-1200 Ended Arab domination of Islam Ruled from Baghdad Enjoyed great wealth and power Experienced a Golden Age Baghdad exceeded the wealth and size of Constantinople Political Divisions 850, experienced a slow decline Independent dynasties began to rule separate states 900s, Seljuk Turks adopted Islam and built their own empire Took control of Baghdad 1200s, the Mongols destroyed Baghdad Muslim religion to link people over 3 continents

The Golden Age Under the Abbassids, the Muslim world was composed of people from many cultures Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, and Europeans Muslims absorbed and blended customs and traditions – Cultural Diffusion Emphasis on learning, achievements in the arts and sciences, and flourishing economies base on trade Translated the works of many of the Greek scholars. Advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine The prophet Muhammad taught a respect for learning that continued to flourish

Economic Achievements
Arts and Architecture Mosques and Palaces Influenced by the Byzantine domes and arches Muslim religious leaders forbade artists to portray God or human figures in religious art Calligraphy Literature and Philosophy Economic Achievements Trade Manufacturing Agriculture

Medieval Europe Key IDs Medieval Charlemagne Serf Secular Manorialism
Monastery Anti-Semitism Gothic Chivalry Excommunicate Pope Innocent Cultural Diffusion

Europe’s geography had a powerful effect on the development of the area
Europe lay at the western end of the Eurasian landmass (present-day Portugal to China) Roman Empire – parts of G.B., Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and other areas of Eastern Europe Roman roads had allowed Roman and Christians customs to spread Germanic tribes overran Europe from about , ending the Roman Empire Frankish Empire The Germanic people who overran the Roman Empire were warriors, farmers, and herders Culture differed greatly from the Romans Governed by unwritten laws and customs and ruled by elected kings

Frankish Empire Battle of Tours 400-700, warrior tribes divided Europe
The Franks emerged as the most powerful and successful of the tribes in Gaul (France) Clovis, king of the Franks Converted to Christianity, which gained him a powerful ally in the church Battle of Tours Muslims moved into Spain Attempt to move into France 732, Battle of Tours, the Franks defeated the Muslim army Muslim advanced no further than Spain

Charlemagne 800s, Charlemagne, Frankish king, built and empire that stretched across modern-day France, Germany, and Italy Answers the call from the Pope; 800, Pope Leo III called for help against the rebellious nobles in Rome Charlemagne defeated the Romans Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans The crowning helped revive the ideal of a united Christian church and empire Charlemagne strengthened his rule and attempted to create a united Christian Europe Spread of Christianity throughout the empire Government – appointed nobles to rule local areas; gave them land, and in return, expected them to help with the defense of the Empire Learning – set up schools to ensure the education of government officials; established libraries 814, Charlemagne dies – quickly the empire falls apart heirs battled for control 845, Charlemagne's grandson signs the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire into three separate kingdoms, one for each grandson Lasting Legacy – strong government was a model for future medieval rulers; helped spread Christianity

Feudalism and Manorialism
During the early part of the Middle Ages, kings were too weak to keep invaders out People would leave town and cities, banding together in the countryside for protection and survival Medieval Society everyone had a well-defined place Born into their social positions, and there was little change of moving up Nobility consisted of the kings, queens, lords, and knights Nobles controlled the land and power Lower class, the peasants, worked the land and served the nobles Clergy was highly respected – Christian Church dominated

Feudalism Divided their land into estates called fiefs
political system in which powerful lords (nobles) owned large sections of land Divided their land into estates called fiefs Fiefs given to lesser lords called vassals Vassals pledged their loyalty and military support to their lords in return for the land Knighthood – War was commonplace during the Middle Ages thus many nobles trained to become knights Knights were bound by a code of conduct known as Chivalry, code charged them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. The code also required them to protect women

Feudalism Role of Noblewomen – assumed an active role in feudal society A “lad” was in charge of her husband’s estate while he was away serving his lord in battle Responsible for all household affairs, including raising the children Girls received training in household arts such as spinning, weaving, and the management of servants. Had limited inheritance rights – most possessions went to the eldest son

Manorialism structured around a lord’s manor, or estate
The economic force – Manorialism structured around a lord’s manor, or estate included one or more villages and the land surrounding them each group in society had a place; each also had certain rights and responsibilities Peasants and Lords – most of the peasants who lived on the estate were serfs Serfs were not slaves, but they were bound to the land They could not leave without the lord’s approval Farmed the lord’s land The lord provided the serfs with several acres of land to farm Lord protected the serfs Peasants worked long hours and died young (few lived past 35) Common thread kept them together – Christianity Loved their holidays – center of the Christian Church

The Role of the Church Two Churches emerge Orthodox Christian Church (East) and Roman Catholic (West) Permanent split in 1054 Roman Catholic Church was a stabilizing force in Western Europe Provided religious leadership Secular Church (see below) Pope – head of church; spiritual leader; representative of Jesus Archbishops, Bishops, and local priests Everyday life for peasants was tied to local priests Responsibility of Church – spiritual needs; instruction; taught that all men and women were sinners Could achieve salvation or eternal life through faith in Jesus, good works, and participation in sacraments

Political Power – Own Laws or Cannon Laws; own courts and justice
The Role of the Church Secular role of Church Secular or worldly Economic Power – vast landholder; significant power; wealth, which was gained through the tithe (a tax Christians were required to pay that equaled a % of their income) Political Power – Own Laws or Cannon Laws; own courts and justice Claimed authority over monarchs – not all agreed and there were frequent struggles for power Popes believed they had power over kings Excommunication – challenge or threaten the Church and you may be excluded from the Church Monastic Orders monks and nuns Centers for Learning monks and nuns preserved ancient writings by copying ancient texts; taught Latin and Greek Missionary Work spread the message of Christianity

Jews in Medieval Europe
Jews in Muslim Spain and northern areas of Europe were tolerated Overall, most Christians persecuted Jews Church bars Jews from owning land and practicing their occupation Anti-Semitism – prejudice against Jews Christians blamed the Jews for all types of misfortunes (famines to disease) The Role of Usury and the expulsion of Jews from Europe Jews migrated to Eastern Europe to escape persecution Medieval Contributions Literature began to appear in everyday languages (not just Latin) Authors – Dante and Chaucer Architecture and Art – Roman influence – around 1000, stone building Gothic Traditions – 1100s – New building that soared upward. Characterized by pointed arches

The Start of the Crusades
1050, Turks, who were Muslim invaded the Byzantine Empire and conquered Palestine Christian Church called for a movement to drive the Muslims out of Palestine 200 years, Christians fought a series of religious wars – The Crusades The wars failed left a legacy of ill will and distrust between Christians and Muslims The positive side of war – trade increased and European economy expanded Feudal monarchs gained more power Europeans learned of the existence of lands beyond their borders Cultural Diffusion – learned from Islam The Start of the Crusades 1050, Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire 4 decades, the Turks overran most of the Empire, Asia Minor, and Palestine Byzantine asks the Pope (Pope Urban) for help Council of Clermont – Pope asks for all Christians to help take back the Holy Land People who answered the call from the Pope were called Crusaders

Why The Crusades Happened
Religion and Secularism The pope believed that the Crusades would increase his power Christians believed that their sins would be forgiven for participating Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land Adventurers saw it as a chance to travel and excitement Serf’s hoped to escape feudal oppression The Four Crusades As mentioned, the Crusades last for 200 years The First Crusade was the ONLY Crusade that came close to achieving its goals 1099, the Christians captured the city of Jerusalem; followed up with massacres of both Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Saladin and Muslim Victory During the 1100s, Saladin united the Muslims Respected by both Muslims and Christians March to Jerusalem – Christians prepare to fight back Saladin wins back Jerusalem; forbade his soldiers from killing or harming the defeated Crusaders

Richard the Lion-Hearted
1189, King of England Determined to take back Jerusalem from Saladin Third Crusade Unable to take back Jerusalem End of the Crusades Fourth Crusade Again, attempt to retake Jerusalem Defeated Byzantine trade rivals Looted Constantinople War had changed from a war that started as a war of Christian vs. Muslim Ended in a battle between rival Christian factions Impact of the Crusades Failed to attain their main goal of retaking the Holy Land Left behind a deed divide – a legacy of hatred between Christians and Muslims Why? Each group committed terrible acts of violence against each other Not all bad! European economies grew; expanded view of the world Cultural Diffusion expanded Ships built for the purpose of carrying Crusaders now moved product Europeans exposed to advancement in math, science, literature, art, geographical knowledge

Temporarily increased the power of the pope
Impact of the Crusades Changes within the Church Temporarily increased the power of the pope Conflicts with feudal monarchs in Europe would lessen the power Eastern and Western churches affected – the gap widens Changes in Feudal System Crusades increased power of monarchs; gained the right to increase taxes Feudal Monarchs were the leaders of the Crusades thus their prestige increases Feudalism weakens An economy based on money, not land, took hold

Council of Clermont

Contemporary account of Urban II’s speech at the Council of Clermont
DBQ Practice For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For…the Turks and Arabs have attacked them…They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians…If you permit them to continue…the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends….Christ commands it.“ Fulcher of Chartres, 1095 Contemporary account of Urban II’s speech at the Council of Clermont What does the speaker want Christians to do in response to his words? ______________________________________________________________________________

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Part Three Global Contact

Global Contact Early Japan and Feudalism Key IDs
Shinto Samurai Kami Bushido Zen Buddhism Shogun Daimyo Kabuki Haiku Cultural Diffusion TTYN: Describe Feudalism

Japan Geography Major Physical Features Japan is comprised of a chain of mountainous islands (archipelago) Pacific Ocean Off the coast of mainland Asia Part of the Ring of Fire – vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanoes Underwater earthquakes may cause Tsunami’s Impact of Geography Land difficult to farm (mountainous) Largest % of people live near coast Use of Sea as a source for food and transportation Unsettled natural environment developed a deep respect for the forces of nature

Japan Shintoism Shinto = “the way of the gods”
Traditional Japanese religion Shinto = “the way of the gods” Worship of the Kami, or spirits found in all living and nonliving things Believed that Kami control the powerful forces of nature Shared belief of Shinto helped to unite the country

Japan Cultural Diffusion: Korea and China Contact with Korea and China
Japanese culture features a blend of its own original traditions and ideas adopted from Korea and China Contact with Korea and China result of war and trade Interest in Chinese culture peaked around 600 Japan sends scholars to China to learn China influences Japanese writing Koreans bring Buddhism to Japan Chinese sect of Buddhism develops – Zen Buddhism Value peace, simple living, nature, and beauty Confucianism – emphasis regarding family loyalty, educations, and educated class

Japan The Imperial Tradition Feudal Japan
Early society was organized into clans with separate rulers and religious customs The Yamato Clan – gained control over the largest island of Japan (500 BCE) Extended their rule and established themselves as the royal family of Japan Claim to be direct descendants of the sun goddess Heian Period ( BCE) – an era of elegance and sophistication Feudal Japan 1100s, Authority of the Japanese emperor declined Local Warlords fought for control Feudal System emerges – all members had a defined place

Japan Feudal Japan Landowners and Warriors
Emperor still ruled – in name only Powerful warrior nobles controlled the country Shoguns – real power lay in the hands of the shoguns, or top military commanders Europe – nobles distributed lands to vassal lords Japan – Shoguns distribute lands to daimyo; in exchange for a promise to support the shogun with their armies Samurai – Daimyo granted lands to lesser warriors called Samurai, “those who serve” Bushido – strict code of conduct for the Samurai; to be loyal, brave, and honorable; ritual of suicide (seppuku)

Japan Feudal Japan Tokugawa Shogunate
Peasants and Artisans – peasants farmed the land, and artisans made the weapons for the Samurai in exchange for protection Merchants – Usually had more wealth than the upper classes, merchants were the lowest social class. Women – Early Feudal period, women sometimes became warriors or ran estates Over time, status declined Inheritance was passed to sons only Tokugawa Shogunate 1603, Tokugawa shogunate emerges brings peace and stability to Japan for 300 years

Japan Tokugawa Shogunate Centralized Feudal Government
eliminated fighting between powerful daimyo by forcing them out of their country estates and into Edo (Tokyo) Economic Prosperity new seeds, tools, and techniques for farming Population grew Towns linked by roads Trade increased Wealthy merchants emerged Culture Growth of Zen Buddhism Tea Ceremony and Gardening

Japan Tokugawa Shogunate Comparison with Europe Culture
Growth of Zen Buddhism Tea Ceremony and Gardening Kabuki – theater; actors wore colorful costumes and acted out stories Haiku – Chinese-influenced poetry Comparison with Europe Feudalism was similar Both evolved desire for stability; Emperors and Kings were too weak to prevent invasions or halt internal wars Feudalism provided a method for ruling classes to preserve law and order Everyone had a well-defined place in society

The Mongols Key IDs Genghis Kahn Golden Horde Kublai Kahn Yuan Dynasty
Mughal Dynasty Akbar the Great Pax Mongolia Marco Polo Ibn Battuta Rise of the Mongols Nomadic Herders who roamed the grasslands with their horses and sheep Skillful riders Fierce fighters and raiders

The Mongols Genghis Khan – born Temujin (1100s) Expansion to West
Earned the title Genghis Kahn (World Emperor) Courageous warrior and skilled leader Supreme ruler of the Mongol Clans Very organized and disciplined armies Took most of Asia from Korea to the Caspian Sea Advanced into Persia, India, and northern China Borrowed new technology for warfare from China and the Turks (cannons) Expansion to West Invaded Eastern Europe…attacked Russia, Hungary, and Poland Grandson, Batu, led armies into Russia between Golden Horde – the armies of Mongols were known as the Golden Horde because of the color of their tents.

The Mongols Expansion to the West Mongols in China
Ruled Russia from the capital on the Volga River for 240 years Fierce warriors Relatively tolerant rulers Late 1300s, Timur (Tamerlane) led the Mongols into the Middle East Conquered areas of Persia, Mesopotamia, Russia, and India Descendants of Tamerlane would establish the Mughal Dynasty in India Mongols in China 1279, Kulai Kahn, grandson of Genghis, completed the job of conquering China Ruled China, Korea, Tibet, and parts of Vietnam Created the YUAN Dynasty Best gov’t jobs to Mongols and only Mongols could serve in military

The Mongols Mongols in India Mongol Impact
Babur, descendant of Tamerlane, established the Mughal Dynasty 1526 – 1857 Akbar the Great (grandson of Babur) – greatest Mughal ruler Muslim, but very tolerant Mongol Impact Mongol power and influence reached its greatest extent by 1300 Stretched from Central Asia and China, into Russia and Europe, and into S.W Asia and India

The Mongols Destruction and Conquest Lasting Effects on Russia
Fierce Mongol warriors spread terror and destruction Devastated China; looted and burned Kiev; killing countless inhabitants Despite the brutality that reigned down, Mongols were very tolerant Genghis respected academics, artists, and artisans; listened to ideas of scholars of many religions Genghis heirs would continue this tradition and tolerant policies Conquered peoples were allowed to live as before as long as they paid a tribute Lasting Effects on Russia Absolutist Gov’t – served as model for later Russian leaders who also expected to rule w/o interference from the Church Isolation – Cut Russia off from Western Europe; deprived Russia of many advancements in the arts and sciences of the later Middle Ages and Renaissance

The Mongols Pax Mongolia The Silk Road
Period of stability. Political stability; allowed for an exchange of goods and ideas between the East and the West The Silk Road Trade route that linked China to the Middle East had become dangerous Mongols provided safe passage; trade flourished For example, gunpowder, porcelain, papermaking, and the use of windmills spread west Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Marco Polo, Italian merchant traveled to the court of Kublai Kahn (late 1200s) His writings introduced Europeans to the beauty of China

The Mongols Pax Mongolia Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta, scholar from Morocco late 1200s Traveled to Mecca and through Asia Minor, Persia, India, Indonesia, and China Decline of Mongol Power Mongols lands were too large and diverse Had little experience governing ; depended on other people to do this job; many were incompetent or corrupt Death of strong leaders; i.e. death of Kublai marked the decline of the Yuan Dynasty Resentment of the Mongols; desire for independence from foreign rule

Expansion of Chinese Trade
Key IDs Zheng He Cairo Hanseatic League Bubonic Plague Venice Canton Mogadishu Trade Fair Epidemic Major Trade Routes Trade routes enabled people and goods to move across Asia, Africa, and Europe Indian Ocean – allowed easy trade between Asia and East Africa Trading Centers emerged

Major Trade Routes Overland Mediterranean Sea
Mogadishu and Great Zimbabwe thrived on trade across the Indian Ocean European ships on their way to Asia often stopped at East African coastal cities Overland Overland trade routes linked Asia with the Middle East, N. Africa, and Europe Trade from China followed the Silk Road and entered Europe through Russia and Constantinople Goods also traveled between Constantinople and India Mediterranean Sea Middle East; Muslim traders brought goods to ports in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey Ports included Cairo and Alexandria

European Trade Improved methods of agriculture during the Middle Ages
Europeans became more and more interested in trade with the East Improved methods of agriculture during the Middle Ages Population grows Impact of the Crusades Increase in trade; interest in the East Returning Crusaders brought back goods Ships once used to carry Crusaders now used for trade Italian City-States Late 1300s, Italian cites become centers for trading and industry Venice, Genoa, Florence grow Spread throughout Europe

European Trade Trade Fairs Hanseatic League
Took place in towns where trade routes met; usually near rivers Contributed to the growth of cities throughout Europe New craftworks Population increases Large cities developed Wealthiest cites were at end of trade routes Hanseatic League Northern Germany, traders and merchants began to join together in the 1100s 1300s, German towns were members of the Hanseatic League – monopolized trade in the Baltic and North Sea The League worked to make navigation safer by controlling piracy, building lighthouses, and training sailors

European Trade Spice Trade
Spices, such as pepper and cinnamon were extremely valuable during the Middle Ages Used to preserve meat and perfumes, medicines Ottoman Empire disrupts trade Portugal looks for new routes Early 1400s, Portugal explores the coast of Africa Discover a new route around the tip of Africa 1500s, establish ports in Africa, India, Japan, and China Brought great wealth to Portugal

European Trade The Plague Effects of the Plague
Bubonic Plague or the Black Death Spread by fleas that lived on rates Within days of infection, most people died No cure Global Epidemic 1100s, trade helped the plague spread Mid-1300s, plague reached Spain and France….then the rest of Europe Effects of the Plague Devastation throughout the world Population Declines; early 1300s, 35M Chinese die At its peak, the plague killed 7K people per day 1/3 of the world population dies

European Trade Effects of the Plague Social and Political Change
Economic Decline Destroyed economies Farm and industry decline The people who were left were in a position to demand higher wages and prices rose When landowners and merchants responded, peasant revolts occurred Social and Political Change Feudalism declines as result of peasant revolts As a result, growth of new political systems Monarchs gained power and began to build more powerful nations People began to question their faith and the Church Jews were blamed; “poison in the wells”, thousands were murdered

Commercial Revolution Protestant Revolution
Europe Comes Alive IDs Guild Humanism Ignatius Loyola Apprentice Capitalism Michelangelo Common Law Magna Carta Commercial Revolution Leonardo da Vinci 95 Theses Parliament Renaissance Protestant Revolution Indulgences Martin Luther

Commercial Revolution
Expansion of trade and the growth of cities brought new ways of thinking and doing business Money grew in importance New social class emerged Urban Centers based on trade gave new power to a rising new class – middle class middle class – merchants, traders, and artisans Middle – ranked between the older feudal classes of nobles and peasants Guilds – trade associations emerge Checked of quality of goods hospitals and aid to widows and children Regulated hours of work and price of goods Apprentices – training of new artisans

Commercial Revolution Capitalism
Feudalism in decline New system emerges – Capitalism Based on trade and capital When the demand for a product is great, prices rise, and traders profit Traders can lose everything if demand falls New Business Practices Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies Merchants joined together in partnership; pooling capital, they could finance ventures that no single merchant could afford to do alone Joint Stock Company – allowed many merchants to pool their funds for business ventures. Invested in trading ventures around the world. i.e. The Virginia Company of London

Commercial Revolution Capitalism
Banking grew duirng this period Merchants borrowed from moneylenders, who developed systems of banking Bill of Exchange…no more coins Merchants deposited money with a baker in his hometown, banker gave him a bill of exchange; merchant exchange this bill for cash in the city where he would be exchanging in trade Social Changes The Commercial Revolution reshaped medieval society Use of money undermined serfdom and led to the decline of feudalism Peasants began to sell their products and began paying their feudal lord with money instead of product.

The Renaissance and Humanism
A period of great creativity and change in Europe Renaissance = Rebirth Golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences Began in Italy in the mid-1300s and then spread northward Why Italy? Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing. Merchants had new-found wealth and were willing to use it to promote the arts and education

New Ways of Thinking - Humanism During the Middle Ages, people (philosophers and writers) began to think about life after death Humanists began to focus more on the present Emphasis on individual; instead of religious issues, humanists examined subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had studied Humanists wanted to increase knowledge about their own times

Artistic Achievements Renaissance produced some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture Good-bye Medieval architecture, hello (hello again) to Greek and Roman styles for columns, arches, and domes Paintings often included contemporary figures – not limited to religion 3-dimensional imagery Study of the human anatomy – often used as live models, with great detail Michelangelo and di Vinci Literature – Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Machiavelli The invention of the printing press 1456 – the Bible Literacy increased and ideas spread rapidly

Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam is a section of Michelangelo's fresco Sistine Chapel

di Vinci

Reformation and Counter-Reformation
By the 1500s, religious life was changing in Europe: The Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation Cause for Reformation The Renaissance – Humanism led people to question Church authority Placed increasing faith in human reason Strong Monarchs – strong monarchs were beginning to emerge Problems within the Church – people began to believe that Church leaders were acting more like kings fighting for power and wealth, than like representatives of God Objection to fees for marriages, baptisms, and selling of indulgences (pardons for sins)

By 1500s, many Christians looking to reform the Church Martin Luther Disgusted over the sale of indulgences 1517, 95 Theses, which were 95 arguments against indulgences; sparked the Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation – period when many Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian Churches Luther believed: people could only reach heaven through faith in God and that the pope could not grant a pardon for sins The Bible was the only source of religious truth

John Calvin – another reformer Like Luther, believed that people could only reach heaven through faith Predestination – belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation Calvinists lived a strict, disciplined, and frugal lives Luther Calvin Did not believe in the sale of indulgences Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God Believed people are born sinners Did not believe that priests had special powers Preached Predestination Ideas spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia Ideas spread to Germany, France, Holland, England, and Scotland Followers later called themselves Protestants Led a community in Switzerland

The Counter Reformation Response to the Protestant Reformation Reform movement within the Catholic Church Purpose – to strengthen the Catholic Church as well as to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism Council of Trent – Pope Paul III; 1545 Led reform movement reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs worked to end abuses in the Church set up schools to assure that the clergy would be well educated

Ignatius Loyola Found the Society of Jesus Called on the Jesuits – defenders of the Catholic faith Jesuit missionaries spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa, and the Americas Teresa of Avila – Spanish noblewoman Religious order of nuns called the Carmelites Disturbed by the lack of severity within the order Established a convent Catholic Church asked Teresa to reorganize and reform Carmelite monasteries and convents Saint Teresa

The Effects of the Reformation Religious and Political Division Loss of religious unity in Western Europe Rulers would select a religion for their nation Religious wars would emerge Catholics battled Protestants The Thirty Years’ War (1600s) Anti-Semitism Witch Hunts

Long-Term Causes Short-Term Causes Long-Term Effect Short-Term Effects
The Protestant Reformation Long-Term Causes Short-Term Causes Roman Catholic Church becomes more worldly Humanists urge return to simple religion Strong kings emerge and resent power of the Church Indulgences are sold in Germany Martin Luther writes 95 Theses Luther translates Bible into German Printing press helps spread ideas Reformers call for change Long-Term Effect Short-Term Effects Religious wars break out in Europe for more than 100 years Catholic Reformation takes place Inquisition becomes stronger Many Jews forced into Eastern Europe Peasants revolt Lutheran, Calvinists, Anglican and Protestant churches emerge Holy Roman emperor weakened

Rise of Nation-States Middle Ages, kings, nobles, and the Church struggled for power Feudalism was on the decline Kings slowly began to increase power First shift in power – England and France (somewhat different) Birth of Nationalism Growth of power in France Hugh Capet (987) At first, not a threat The Capetians slowly increase power; gained land; played nobles against each other Royal Power leads to the 100-Years’ War; France defeats England Joan of Arc – stirs up nationalism

Nationalism and the Limited Monarchy in England Anglo-Saxon king Edward dies (1066) Duke William of Normandy claims the thrown; William the Conquerer Common Law created Magna Carta (1215) - placed limits on the king’s power Parliament (1200s) As English Church Nationalism grows

Kings Increase Their Power
Kings of England Kings of France Add to their lands Set up organized government Collect Taxes Create a royal treasury Set up royal courts and royal law Decide who can build castles and where Force vassals to obey the King Establish common law so that all people are treated the same Collect records of who owns land Make throne hereditary Becomes allies with the Church Organize army Take French lands from English king

African Civilizations
Keys IDs Savanna Axum Mali Mansa Musa Ghana Desert Songhai Swahili Geography 2nd largest continent ; 1/5 of land surface Variety of climates and terrains Savanna – grassy plains Large part of Africa is made up of desert Sahara world’s largest desert (maybe not – see Antarctic)

Geography Traditional Society Small belt of rain forests
Africa has few good natural harbors Small belt of rain forests Difficult travel because of barriers Despite barriers, early Africans traveled within and beyond continent Travel linked to trade; gold, salt, iron, copper, and other raw materials Traditional Society Village Gov’t – power was shared among members of the community rather than exercised by a single person/leader Family was basic unit of society in traditional Africa Religious Beliefs – identified the forces of nature with divine spirits and worshiped many gods and goddesses Departed ancestors were present on earth

Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms
Ghana (800 BCE) – the rulers of many farming villages united to create the kingdom of Ghana Powerful king Gold Trade Large army of foot soldiers and Calvary Muslim merchants brought religion and ideas king had Muslim officials – cultural diffusion Most people of Ghana maintained their traditional values

Mali ( ) was also ruled by powerful kings, called mansas Mansa Musa, the most powerful ruler Mali extended its borders and dominated W Africa Large army kept order Most people were farmers and herders Ran and efficient gov’t; appointing governors to rule particular areas Mansa Musa converted to Islam Based he system of justice on the Quran Made the city of Timbuktu a center for Muslim learning Empire declined in the 1400s when the people could not agree on who should rule

Songhai Depended on a strong army Emperor Sonni Ali built Songhai into the largest state that had ever existed in W Africa Established an efficient bureaucracy to govern the kingdom Expanded trade to Europe and Asia Prospered until the late 1500s Civil War broke out Invaders from the north defeated the disunited forces of Songhai

Role in Global Trade The Mediterranean and the Red Sea linked Africa to the Middle East and Europe Indian Ocean linked E Africa to India and other Asian lands Products from the interior were transported overland to the coasts Hausa -1300s, the Hausa people built city-states (Nigeria) Benin – Rain forests on the Guinea coast; traded ivory, pepper, and eventually slaves Developed trade with Portugal

Role in Global Trade Asian and Persian merchants traded
East African City-State – around 600, city-states along the coast developed Asian and Persian merchants traded By 1000, E African ports cites such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala emerged; trade with India Trade led to cultural diffusion New language emerges – Swahili, in which words were mixed with Bantu, an African language

Part Four The First Global Age

Mesoamerica Key Ids Geography Olmecs Mayas Aztecs Terraces Quipus
Incas Geography Ice Age – resulted in a land bridge between Siberian and Alaska Paleolithic Era Nomads (hunters) in Asia followed herds of bison and mammoths into North America Nomads migrated east and south

Geography 8500 – 2000 BCE, Hunters-Gatherers assimilated to their new surroundings Learned to cultivate crops, domesticate animals Crops – corn, beans, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, and squash This first Agricultural Rev. resulted in an increase in population Farmers began to settle areas; major cities would emerge; large religious centers would develop Mesoamerica – the first great American civilization developed Region includes Mexico and Central America

Olmecs Olmec Empire – 1400 – 500BCE First American Civilization
Mexico – tropical rain forest along the Gulf of Mexico Olmecs built ceremonial centers – pyramid-shaped temples and other buildings Invented a calendar and developed a system of writing made up of carved inscriptions Religion – honored their priests

The Mayas Farming and Trade The Mayas – influenced by the Olmecs
Developed a complex agricultural Established large city-states in southern Mexico and throughout Central America Farming and Trade Farmers made up most the population Men grew the food and women turned into food Farmers paid taxes, in the form of food, to supports cities and temples Profitable trade system across Central America

Religion Social Structure
Priests occupied an exalted place in the social hierarchy Priests conducted elaborate rituals that the Mayas believed would ensure bountiful harvests and victorious battles Social Structure Each city had a ruling chief Next, the nobles – who served as city officials and military leaders On occasion, women would obtain power Majority of the population were farmers

Contributions Learning and Science Decline
Agriculture – grew enough food to provide for a growing population Cleared dense fields throughout the rain forest Built raised fields designed to withstand heavy rains Learning and Science Developed hieroglyphic system of writing Mayan Priests developed a complex and accurate 365-day calendar Used a number system and understood the concept of zero – before Europe Decline 900CE – historians speculate that warfare or overpopulation may have caused agriculture to decline Possible revolts by lower classes

Aztecs Aztec Expansion Late 1200s
Migrated from the north into the Valley of Mexico Fierce warriors Used conquests and alliances to build a large empire Tenochtitlan (capital) – city with temples, palaces, gardens, and zoos Aztec Expansion Early 1400s, formed alliances with neighboring states Military conquests over hundreds of smaller states Each conquered state was given and Aztec governor wealthy from tributes By 1500, Aztec empire covered most of Mexico; 30M people

Social Structure Ruled by a single ruler/emperor
Emperor was chosen by a council of nobles and priests Nobles- officials, judges, and governors Warriors and Traders – warrior might rise to noble Traders – carried goods over long distances to exchange products from peoples who lived beyond the empire; scouted lands to conquer Farmers and Slaves – most people were farmers Slaves – mainly criminals or enemy soldiers; still had certain rights guaranteed by Aztec law; some slaves owned land and eventually bought their freedom

Religion Contributions Very important
Priests gained significance because they led rituals that were believed to appease the gods, who would prevent disasters Built huge pyramids to honor their chief deity, the sun god Human sacrifices – to please their gods – usually enemy soldiers Contributions Accurate calendar Schools and recorded historical events Medical practices – set bones and dental

Contributions Agriculture Architecture – Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
Built on tow small islands; engineers filled in parts of the lake and built stone causeways to connect the city to the mainland Huge pyramid temples, elaborate emperor’s palace 200K lived in city – largest and most populated city in Mesoamerica Agriculture Fertilizers Chinampas, artifical islands made of earth pile on reed mats that were anchored to shallow bed of Lake Texcoco – famers raised corn, squash, and beans Produced and abundance of food, which was a major factor in the success of the empire

Incas 1400s Emerged from the Andes Mtns
Centralized Gov’t – first emperor was a warrior who led his armies through many successful conquests The emperor held absolute power and owned all of the people, land, herds, and mines Emperor was also chief religious leader and claimed divine status of the sun Strong Central Gov’t - nobles ran the provinces along with local chieftains Collected taxes, enforced laws, and routine gov’t business Incan gov’t strictly controlled the lives of the people Everyone had to speak the same language and practice the same religion

Empire linked by roads Religion Remarkable road system
Allowed the emperor to keep a close attention of his empire If necessary, Incan armies could move quickly over the raods to crush rebellions Religion Affected all phases of life worshiped many gods related to forces of nature as well as guardian spirits in the home Chief Incan deity was the sun god Powerful priests conducted rituals and led monthly religious festivals that featured sports and games

Contributions Roads stand out as a major accomplishment; extended 12,000 miles Included bridges and tunnels to pass through mountainous terrain The Temple of the Sun – huge stone blocks and inner walls lined with gold; able to withstand earthquakes Agriculture – Cultural Diffusion – borrowed ideas from other societies Farmers used stone walls to improve terraces – held strips of land in place on steep hillsides and prevented rain from washing away the soil Quipus – system of knotted, colored strings used to keep records; may have been used to record dates and events Calendar, but not as advanced as the Mayan’s

Terraces

The Ming Dynasty The Middle Kingdom
1368, after 90 years of Mongolian rule, Chinese rule restored Under the Mongols, trade and transportation had improved Chinese resented foreign rule Led by a peasant farmer, Zhu Yuanzhang, a successful rebellion overthrew Mongol Rule – the beginning of the Ming Dynasty The Middle Kingdom Ming leaders sought to restore the country’s greatness and its supremacy in the region China thought of itself as the Middle Kingdom – the center of the earth and the source of civilization

The Ming Dynasty During the early 1400s, Zheng He, Chinese Admiral established trade links 1433, after the death of Zheng He, China banned the building of ships End of voyages and exploration Reasons: Economic and Cultural Voyages not profitable and fleets were costly to maintain Confucian scholars believed that China had the most advanced civilization, therefore limiting contact with foreign influences was the best way to preserve ancient traditions

Zheng He Expeditions

Economic and Cultural Contributions
The Ming Dynasty Economic and Cultural Contributions Better fertilizations methods Different crops introduced (corn and squash) New technologies to increase manufacturing production Porcelain, tools, and paper thrived Repaired the neglected canal system New styles of landscape paintings Chinese silks were much admired Classical poetry

The Ming Dynasty China and the West
1500s, Portugal and other European merchants reach East Asia Europeans very excited about what China had to offer – silks and porcelain Excited about the Chinese production of gun powder The Ming restricted foreign trade – believed Europeans to be inferior Allowed limited trade at one outpost – Macao (Guangzhou) Chinese interested in learning about new technologies, had little interest in the religious beliefs of Europeans (Christinainty)

The Ming Dynasty China’s impact with Asia
Exerted control and cultural influence over its Asian neighbors Korea, Japan, SE Asia At one point, took political control of Korea; maintained cultural control Japan, Korea served as a cultural bridge 500s strong interest in China; its traditions, culture, technology, etc Interest would wane over the yeas

The Ottoman Empire 1400s, Byzantine empire in decline; faced a growing threat from the Ottomans The Ottomans – nomadic Turkish-speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia Minor 1453, Ottoman armies surrounded the Byzantine capital of Constantinople Two-month siege, pounded the walls, and broke through and captured the city Constantinople changed to Instanbul Christian city now the capital of the Ottoman Muslim empire

The Ottoman Empire Expansion Expanded and grew quickly
Well-armed forces and effective military strategies; used new technologies – such as the musket. Conquered lands south of Mecca as well as along the Nile Expanded into the Balkans and into Russia Failed to capture Vienna By the 1500s, The Ottomans had built the largest, most powerful empire in the Middle East….reached three continents (Europe, Middle East, and N. Africa)

The Ottoman Empire New Trade Routes
As the Ottoman influence and dominance in the Med interefered with Western Europe’s trade with East Asia Europe forced to look for new routes

The Ottoman Empire Achievements and Impact Golden Age
Cultural Diffusion – absorbed many influences from the conquered Byzantine empire Byzantine (Greco-Roman and Middle East) Ottomans blended Byzantine culture with Muslim culture; govt’t, social life, and architecture Golden Age Suleiman the Magnificent Ruled from Sultan – name Turks gave to their rulers Effective leader, modernized the army, added new territories

The Ottoman Empire Golden Age Strengthened the gov’t
improved the system of justice Muslim – based his law of the Sharia (Islamic code of Law) Suleiman – the Lawgiver He had absolute power, but did consult with advisor and coucil Had officials to manage the empire

The Ottoman Empire Diverse Society Social Classes –
Because the Ottomans had such a vast empire and help onto for so long, Islam became the dominant cultural force throughout the region Social Classes – Men of Pen (the educated, scientists, lawyers, judges, and poets) Men of the Sword (high-ranking leaders) Men of Negotiation (business people, moneychangers, tax collectors, artisans) Men of Husbandry (farmers and herders) Top two classes were made up of almost entirely Muslims – helped Islam dominate

The Ottoman Empire Diverse Society Arts and Literature
Millets – non-Muslims; allowed to maintain their own religion and traditions Janissaries – Muslim influence rested on the backs of the Janissaries – strong military and gov’t officers from conquered groups required to turn their sons over to the gov’t Converted to Islam Members of an elite force in the Ottoman army Arts and Literature Palaces and places of worship, the Mosque

The Ottoman Empire The Decline
Survived into the 20th century; decline began much earlier though Nations were able to break free of Ottoman rule Corruption and poor leadership European advances – major reason for the decline 1571, Spain and Italy defeat the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto Even though the empire spread, it was cut out of global trade European commercial and military advancements European economies had become stronger

Exploration Key Ids The Eve of… Portugal and Spain – took the lead
Remember the Ottomans, Europeans were looking for new routes to the riches of Asia Portugal and Spain – took the lead Both had tech., resources, and political unity to support sea travel Both had struggled with Muslim rule Reconquista Cartographer Astrolabe Vasco da Gama Columbus Magellan Sepoy Conquistador Plantation Imperialism Middle Passage Encomienda Columbian Exchange Mercantilism

Exploration Reconquista and Expulsions
1469, Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile brought together two powerful Spanish kingdoms 1492, they forced the Muslims from Granada, which complete the Reconquista – a campaign to recapture Spain from the Muslims (began in 700) Isabella launched a brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews (pro-Christtianity) Approx 150K were forced into exile

Exploration Reasons to Explore
Ottoman Empire interference 1400s, seek new routes to the Asian spices Italian and Muslims merchants controlled the routes between Asia and Europe Muslims bring goods to the Med and the Italians brought it the rest of the way – it became very expensive – time to cut out the middleman Time to look for new oceanic routes

Exploration Impact of Technology
The Printing Press – mid 1400s, Gutenberg invents the press Enabled people to make books quickly and cheaply; became more available Access to new ideas and info, including geography Gunpowder - Arab traders brought gunpowder to Europe in the 1200s Late 1400s, Portugal were equipping ships with cannons Help Portugal win control of the Indian Ocean trade network Naval Tech – Cartographers (mapmakers) created better maps and charts Astrolabe – compass used to determine direction, perfected by the Arabs Europeans built bigger and better ships; sails and masts perfected

Exploration Early Exploration
Africa to Asia 1415, Henry the Navigator (son of Portuguese king), fleet of ships that explored the coast of W Africa 1488, Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern Africa) da Gama follows Dias route, across the Indian Ocean Lost half his ships Returned home with Asian spices Established a successful trade route and would expand their empire 1492, Columbus reaches the Americas 1493, Spain and Portugal claim land in the Americas Imperialism – compete for colonies in the Americas

Exploration Imperialism Unsuccessful in their attempt to push inland
1400s, Africa, established a string of forts in the west and capturing several port cities in the east Unsuccessful in their attempt to push inland mid-1600s, Dutch s.w. tip of Africa, established Cape Town The Dutch farmers who settled in Cape Town were called the Boers; ousted or enslaved many Africans, whom they considered inferiors Asia, 1500s, Portugal took control of the trade networks from the Muslims Malacca on the Malay Peninsula in the Indian Ocean

Exploration Imperialism
The Dutch Spain, England, and France The Dutch, the first to challenge Portuguese domination of the Asian spice trade Established trade links with Asia Formed the Dutch East India Co. in the early 1600s 1641, Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal; began trading with China; dominated the Asian trade routes Spain, established colonies in SE Asia in the 1500s Magellan, complete the first circumnavigation of the world; claimed the islands of the Philippines (1521) – named for King Philip of Spain Used to trade with China and spread Catholic teachings

Exploration Imperialism
The Dutch Spain, England, and France By the 1700s, England and France became competing forces in the Asian trade network, concentrating in India Mughal Rulers (India) weak and civil wars lead to British and French East India Companies making alliances with local rulers. Each organized their own army of sepoys, (Indian Troops) 1750s, British East India Company and sepoys push the French out Forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to collect taxes Would become the real power in the region

Exploration Triangular Trade and Slavery
1500s, Europeans came to view African slaves as the most valuable African trade goods Purchased slaves to work in order to satisfy the labor shortage in the Americas Slavery evolved in a huge and profitable business The Triangle Trade – Europe, Africa, and Africa The Middle Passage – the voyage from Africa to the Americas conditions were terrible Hundreds on people crammed onto a shingle ship Millions of Africans dies on the way from disease, brutal treatment, or suicide

Exploration The Spanish Empire
1500s, the empire stretched from California to So. America Brought great wealth to the Spanish Gov’t Gov’t maintained strict control over its empire King an the colonial gov’t through representatives, or viceroys, who ruled provinces Religion – Catholic Church – spread Christianity Encomienda System – Spanish law allowed the colonies to only trade with Spain; Under this system, a conquistador, was granted land along with permission to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans Culture – Colonies developed a new culture that combined European, Native American, and African traditions…everything was affected (art, literature, life)

Exploration The Spanish Empire The Columbian Exchange
Social Classes – Spanish-born at top, known as peninsulares. Creoles was the name given to those Europeans who were born in the colonies. Mestizos, people of mixed Native American and European descent, Mulattoes, mixed African and European descent The Columbian Exchange Global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, and technology began during this time, leading to profound changes for people in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe

Exploration European Capitalism
Mercantilism – increased trade with the colonies encouraged European capitalism (the investment of money to make a profit) Emergence of Joint Stock Companies – allowed Europeans to gather the capital necessary to finance overseas voyages (see Virginia) Mercantilism – policy involved building up national wealth by exporting more goods than the nation imported…Colonies supported the parent nation with raw materials and served as a market for its exports Nobles became less powerful because their wealth was based on the land they owned Merchants made the money and gained the power; emergence of the middle class

Absolutism Keys Ids Global Absolutism
1500s -1600s – monarchs in Europe in Asia looked to centralize their power, which led to Absolutism – autocratic rulers had complete authority over the government and the lives of the people in their nation. Absolutism Akbar the Great Philip II Divine Right Louis XIV Jacques Bossuet Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great Puritans The Leviathan Oliver Cromwell Glorious Revolution English Bill of Rights Limited Monarchy

Absolutism 1500s, India, Mughal Empire Akbar the Great – strengthened the central gov’t and made his empire stronger and larger than any in Europe at the time Modernized his army, encouraged trade, introduced land reform Recognized India's diversity and promoted religious tolerance Successors were not as strong and less tolerant …allowed France and England to spread their influence

Absolutism 1500s, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe
Wealth from its empire helped the empire grow Charles V ( ) – King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Faced military threats from the French and the Ottoman Empire Philip II – wanted to control all aspects of gov’t, believing that he ruled by divine right – according to this thinking, the king is an agent of God, and his authority to rules come directly from God

Absolutism Late 1600sm France replaced Spain as the most powerful
The Sun King, Louis XIV, from the age of 5 he ruled France for 72 years Took the sun as the symbol of his power and commanding complete loyalty from his subjects Bishop Jacques Bossuet argued that as God’s represented on Earth, the king was entitled to unquestioning obedience Persecuted the Protestant Huguenots

Absolutism Russia 1400s, Moscow became the center of power in Russia
Ivan the Great - ruled from Built the framework for absolute rule in Russia Ivan the Terrible – Czar Ivan centralized royal power and extreme absolute power Harsh ruling style Organized a personal police force; agents of terror slaughtered rebellious nobles and destroyed towns suspected of disloyalty Peter the Great – – brought all of Russia under his control; reduced the power of the nobility and gained control of the Russian Orthodox Church Westernized Russia Strong foreign policy – largest army in Europe in the late 1600s, expanded Russian territory, fought the Ottoman Turks to gain a warm-water port – he lost

Absolutism England Stuart Monarchs
James 1 – used divine right, conflicted with the Puritans The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbs wrote that people were nature selfish and greedy and would fall into chaos unless ruled by a strong gov’t that could suppress rebellion…believed that an absolute monarchy was needed to maintain order s, England moved to a parliamentary system The English Civil War or the Puritan Revolution King Charles and the Cavaliers vs. Parliament forces, the Roundheads Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Roundhead win, capture king, and beheaded him; signified that absolutism would not last in England

Absolutism England 1660,The Restoration – parliament invited Charles II to become king of England The Glorious Revolution - Parliament overthrows James II – became to absolutist Feared the return of Catholic dominance James’s daughter, Mary and her Dutch husband William take the English throne Both Protestant Bloodless transfer of power Nonviolent overthrown is known as the Glorious Revolution s, England moved to a parliamentary system English Bill of Rights king must work regularly with Parliament House of Commons has financial control Toleration Act – granted Protestant dissentes (Puritans and Quakers) limited toleration….not Catholics.

Part Five The Age of Revolutions

Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment Key IDs New Ideas – Middle Ages, scholars believed the earth was the center of the universe. This idea came from Roman-Greco thinking and the teachings of the Church. Scientific Revolution Scientific Method Montesquieu Copernicus Descartes Voltaire Heliocentric Natural Laws Rousseau Galileo Enlightenment Enlightened Despot Isaac Newton John Locke Joseph II

New Ideas – European scientist began to think differently in the 1500s.
The renaissance – scholars began to question old ideas about the world - - this period is known as the Scientific Revolution Copernicus – challenged the idea that the earth was the center of the universe; he argued that the universe was heliocentric, or sun-centered; that the planets revolved around the sun Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory Early 1600s, Galileo would argue in favor of heliocentric theory; would observe the skies through a telescope, which would contradict the teachings of the Church; put on trial and forced to recant his ideas

Newton – built on Copernicus and Galileo; used math to prove the existence of a force that kept planets in their orbits; called the force gravity, the same force that made objects fall toward Earth New Ways of Thinking Scientific Method s, this method relied on experimentation and observation Descartes and Human Reasoning – challenged the idea that new knowledge should be made to fit existing traditional ideas; emphasized the power of human reason; believed that reason, rather than tradition, should be the way to discover truth. Descartes ideas paved the way for other changes.

Science and the Enlightenment
Scientist would use reason to explain why things happened in the physical universe. 1700s, scholars and writers would reason to discover natural laws, or laws that govern human behavior; applied the scientific method of investigation and observation in order to solve the problems of society Enlightenment -1700s, people would reject traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason; logical thought can lead to truth is called rationalism; Enlightened Thinkers introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government, and law

Enlightened Thinkers John Locke, 1600s; believed that all people possess natural rights. These rights include the rights to life, liberty, and property; if a government does not protect these rights, people have the right to overthrow it. Montesquieu, 1700s, argued that powers of government should be separated into three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial); he argued that the separation of powers would prevent tyranny be creating a system of checks and balances. In other words, each branch keeps the other two in-check

Impact of the Enlightenment
Voltaire, 1700s, believed in free speech; used sharp wit to criticize the French gov’t and the Catholic Church for their failure to permit religious toleration and intellectual freedom Rousseau, 1700s, penned his ideas in a book titled The Social Contract; argued that people are naturally good but are corrupted by the evils of society, such as the unequal distribution of property; believed in the will of the majority, which he called general will; believed that the majority should always work for the common good. Impact of the Enlightenment People began to question established beliefs and customs; would affect leaders and the development of nations; would cause the establishment to institute censorship

Enlightened Despots Some monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas; they were known as despots, absolute rulers who used their power to reform society. Maria Theresa – 1700s, Austrian ruler, improved tax system by forcing clergy and nobles to pay taxes thus lessen the burden on peasants; made primary education available to the children of her kingdom Joseph II – Maria’s son, continued her reforms; modernized the gov’t; chose officials for their talent rather than because of their status; legal reforms; religious toleration, ended censorship, abolished serfdom; however, many of his reforms would be later overturned.

Democracy and Nationalism
Catherine The Great – 1762, became empress of Russia, read Enlightened work; Asked for advice from nobles and free peasants (a first in Russia), built schools and hospitals, promoted education for women, religious toleration; however, after a peasant uprising, many of her reforms were overturned Democracy and Nationalism Enlightenment ideas would inspire a sense of individualism (personal freedom), and a sense of basic equality; challenge traditional authority, cause the growth of democracy. Nationalism grew as people in a country drew together to fight for a democratic gov’t. Enlightenment ideas would contribute to an age of revolution.

Declaration of Independence Toussaint L’Ouverture
Political Revolutions Key IDs Revolutionary Influences The American Revolution Thomas Paine Declaration of Independence The Constitution The Magna Carta and Parliament Estates General Declaration of Independence National Assembly Robespierre Napoleon Bonaparte Coup d’etat Napoleonic Code Toussaint L’Ouverture Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin

The French Revolution 1789, The French Revolution would begin; it would have a deep and lasting impact on France, Europe, and the world. Cause of the French Revolution Absolute Monarchy Social Inequality Economic Injustices Enlightenment American Rev. and the Glorious Rev

Stages of the French Revolution
1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates General, a body made up of representatives of all three estates (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Estates) National Assembly – The Third Estate, the only elected group in the Estates General, declared itself the National Assembly; vowed to write a new constitution for France Storming the Bastille – working class movement; rioting breaks out over an escalation for the price of bread; stormed the Bastille of July 14, 1789 Fighting broke out throughout the country – this period is known as the Great Fear; peasant attacked nobles and destroyed their homes

The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
The National Assembly abolished the privileges of the 1st and 2nd Estates and adopted the Declaration of Rights; included many enlightened ideas A Limited Monarchy 1791, National Assembly had written a constitution limited monarchy and a representative assembly All people had natural rights and that it was the job of the gov’t to protect those rights Church under state control News would spread quickly throughout Europe – rulers and nobles feared that revolutionary ideas would spread. Threatened to intervene

Radicals in Power 1792, in order to fight tyranny and spread the revolution, France declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and other states War went badly for France 1792, Radicals take power Ended the monarchy, and declared France a republic Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Louis XVI executed Reign of Terror – led by Robespierre Thousands of people were executed (the guillotine) Moderates Return, 1795, the Directory, 5-man Directory held power in France. Gov’t was weak and inefficient. Economic crisis returns

Rise of Napoleon 1799, popular general
Napoleon helped overthrow the Directory in a coup d’etat, or revolt by military leaders He helped organize a new gov’t and put himself in charge Three years later, he took the title of Emperor of the French Had absolute power French people, hoping for stability, supported Napoleon Reforms by Napoleon Economy – controlled prices new industry, and infrastructure Education – public education system Napoleonic Code – enlightened ideals and religious toleration

Napoleon’s Fall from Grace and Power
Napoleon’s Empire – ruled an empire, conquered much of Europe, replaced monarchs of defeated nations with friends and relatives Britain and Russia remained Napoleon’s reach Napoleon’s Fall from Grace and Power Conquered people looked on Napoleon’s armies as oppressors, which inspired nationalism, people began to revolt against his armies Invasion of Russia (1812) – The “scorched earth” – Napoleon attacks from the west and Russia moves further east, leaving behind burned towns and crops; French troops starve and froze…most of his army was lost during this long Russian winter

Napoleon’s Fall from Grace and Power
Alliance between Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeated Napoleon, forcing him to step down in 1814 Napoleon returns to power in 1815, but the British and Prussians defeated him at the decisive Battle of Waterloo; this ended Napoleon's reign forever. Effects of the French Revolution Democratic Ideals – Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideals of democracy throughout Europe. Groups struggled to achieve the goals of the French republic (“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”; people wanted liberty from absolute monarchies and unjust governments.

Effects of the French Revolution
Growth of Nationalism – inspired feelings of national pride and unity; this lead to the emergence of identity replaced earlier loyalty to local authority and the person who occupied the monarchy Nationalistic feeling across Europe and the world also emerged; Napoleon’s conquests had a part in the eventual unification of both Italy and Germany – the weakening of Spain led to the Latin American independence movement

Latin American Movements
late 1700s, Enlightenment and Revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the United States Educated Latin Americans read the works of Enlightened writers such as Thomas Paine, Jefferson, and the National Assembly Their success showed that foreign rule could be thrown off Latin Americans were inspired by what the French Rev had accomplished Toussaint L’Ouverture – French colony Haiti, first Latin American colony to revolt; led by L’Ouverture, a former slave, self-educated, led a revolt; effective military leader and gained control of much of island. 1798, Haitian slaves win their freedom

Latin American Movements
Simon Bolivar – educated Creole, led a resistance movement against Spain Also an admirer of Enlightenment and the French Revolution Vowed to sight the rule of Spain; called “the Liberator” 1810 – Bolivar began his struggle for independence Led a series of military campaigns that would win independence for Venezuela, New Granada (Colombia), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Had joined forces with Jose de San Martin, who had defeated Spain and won independence for Argentina and Chile in 1810s

Simon Bolivar

Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas
Key IDs The Congress of Vienna – after Napoleon’s defeat, European diplomats met at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to devise a peace settlement Their goal – to restore order and stability to Europe Congress of Vienna Metternich Balance of Power Conservatism Liberalism Cash crop economy Nationalism Russification Pogrom Oligarchy Caudillo Porfirio Diaz

Congress of Vienna Metternich of Austria, the dominant figure at the conference, wanted to restore Europe to the way it was before the French Rev Alexander I of Russia wanted to create and alliance of Christian monarch to suppress future revolutions Lord Castlereagh of England wanted to prevent France from rebuilding its military forces Talleryrand of France wanted to obtain equal footing for France with the rest of the nations

Metternich

Congress of Vienna Balance of Power and Restored Monarchs
Why the Congress of Vienna was a success mutual goals all wanted a balance of power Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong All wanted to restore power to monarchs The Congress of Vienna was the first of many reactions in Europe against the revolutionary ideas of the 1700s and 1800s A victory for Conservatism – those who wanted to preserve traditional ways, which clashed with revolutionary ideals

New Revolutions in Europe
The Congress of Vienna helped to maintain peace among nations for almost 100 years – the operative word being peace Revolutions did occur though Revolutionaries opposed the Congress of Vienna, particularly, attempts to restore Europe to the way it had been before the French Rev. Revolts – occurred in many places across Europe Causes – Liberalism, people opposed the power of monarchs and sought democratic reform and Nationalism, people wanted independent nation-states that were free from foreign rule

Revolution of 1830 France – restoration of the Bourbons by the Congress of Vienna led to attempts to restore absolutism; Bourbon monarch Charles X was overthrown by a revolt and replaced by Louis Philippe Belgium – revolutionaries demanded independence from the Dutch, Belgium would gain independence in 1831 Italy – CoV (Congress of Vienna) divided Italy among several ruling families, including those from France and Austria , revolutionaries in northern Italy rose up to throw off foreign domination…they were put down by Austrian troops Poland – most were under Russian control, 1830, nationalist in Poland staged and uprising…they failed to gain widespread support

Revolution of 1848 France – King Louis Philippe’s gov’t denounced as corrupt, prompting another revolution in 1848; Louis steps down, and a republic was established; upper and middle-class interests gained control of the gov’t and violently put down a workers’ rebellion in Paris. The fighting left bitter feelings b/t the working class and the middle class Austrian Empire – Students revolt, Metternich attempts to suppress; Metternich resigns when workers rose up to support the students; Austria agrees to certain reforms; Austrian army regains control and many revolutionaries were imprisoned, executed, or sent into exile

Revolution of 1848 Impact of Revolutions
Italy and Germany – Rebellions in Italy were successful for short periods of time; Germany, student protestors who were backed by peasants and workers demanded reforms. Assembly was formed, it would be dissolved as the revolutionaries turned on each other Impact of Revolutions 1830 and 1848 revolutions frightened many of Europe’s rulers As a result, some agreed to reforms For the most part, the revolts of 1830 and 48 failed; why most revolutionaries did have widespread support Revolutionaries themselves were divided Powerful gov’t forces often crushed the revolts

Political Conditions of Russia
Absolutism in Russia Impact of the French Revolution, Russian Czars strove to keep the ideals of the revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity) from reaching the borders of Russia. Therefore, Russia changed very little Political Conditions of Russia Feudal Society – rigid feudal social structures; landowning nobles were the most powerful and resisted change; middle class was too small to effect change; serfs were bound to the land, and the owners of the land had total power over the serfs Freeing the Serfs – Crimean War (war with the Ottoman Empire), the lost caused Russian leaders to realize they needed to modernize and industrialize…demands for reforms and the end of serfdom Remind students to the release of peasants from serfdom to the emancipation of slaves in the U.S.

Political Conditions of Russia
Alexander II, 1861, serfs were free, which brought problems; former serfs had to purchase land that they worked and many were too poor to do so. Many serfs moved off their land into the cities, where they took jobs in industries. Russification – because of its size, Russia contained many ethnic minorities. Czars aimed to maintain tight control over these people as well as to encourage feelings of Russian unity. Russification was an attempt to make all groups think, act, and believe as Russians. Alexander persecuted non-Russians One Church (Russian Orthodox Church) Persecuted Jews; pogroms – violent attacks on Jews Czars attempted to force minorities to abandon their own culture and adopt Russian culture…cultural infusion vs Cultural difussion

Instability in Latin America
Early 1800s, Latin America had rid itself on Spanish control Independence led to revolts and civil wars broke out while poverty and prejudice continued Geographic Barriers – Latin American countries covered a vast area, from Mexico to the southern tip of South America; barriers included the Andes Mtns, which hindered attempts at unification. Barriers often led to fights b/t various leaders and nationalistic feelings within different groups.

Mulattoes – mixed race, one white, one black
Instability in Latin America Social Injustice – Why democracy did not follow independence – colonial class structure remained intact. Creoles replaced peninsulares (Spanish born) as the ruling class Creoles maintained a tight grip on land and wealth Ruling power belonged to a small, powerful elite class, known as an oligarchy Mestizos, mulattoes, Indians, and Africans gained few rights and continued to face racial prejudice; most continued to work as peasants on farms Mestizos – mixed race, Spanish and native Mulattoes – mixed race, one white, one black

Military Rulers – Local military strongmen called caudillos, organized their own armies and challenged central governments Some caudillos were strong enough to gain control of governments; these dictators were often repressive, usually ignored existing constitutions, and their policies usually favored the upper class Power of the Church – The Roman Catholic Church acted as a stabilizing force; promoted education, but also had an interest in preserving the old order Church continued to own large amounts of land Liberals hoped to end the Church’s power over educations and landholding

Economic Problems – Latin American economies were dependent on trade with Spain and Portugal Economies relied on a cash crop economy; cops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee Dependence on a single or only a few crops created an unstable economy – if a drought or crop failure were to occur, the economy would be devastated Economic Imperialism – Influence of foreign investment; investment in foreign economies and infrastructure Despite foreign investment, a rigid class structure limited economic gains for the majority of society

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1930)
Porfirio Diaz, dictator of Mexico during the late 1800s and early 1900s Brought economic advances to Mexico; however, the wealth remained with the upper classes as well as foreign investors Under Diaz, suppressed opposition, most Mexicans uneducated, landless, and poor. 1910 – revolution to overthrow Diaz Key figures of the revolution Emiliano Zapata, Indian, led a peasant revolt Pancho Villa, rebel leaders, peasant loyalty; conflict would cross the border into the U.S.; conflict with the U.S.

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1930)
The Effects of the Revolution – Constitution of 1917; called for land reforms, gov’t control of Church estates, and more rights to workers and women Social Reforms – Mexico was Latin Americas first nation to achieve social and economic reform; set up libraries and schools; some Indians were able to regain their land Economic and Cultural Nationalism – Nationalistic spirit aimed at ending dependency on foreigners; gov’t brought industries under gov’t control, took over foreign-owned industries Cultural – reject the influences of Europe; began to take pride in Latin American culture; Art became a medium to tell the story of their struggles

Indian National Congress
Global Nationalism Key IDs Nationalism and Revolution Nationalism is a feeling of strong devotion to one’s country; develops among people who share a common language and heritage Mazzini Indian National Congress Muslim League Young Turks Pan-Slavism Cavour Garibaldi von Bismarck Kaiser Zionism

Unification Movements in Europe
Italy – Ever since the Roman empire, Italy had been divided into many small states Napoleon united several of the Italian states into the Kingdom of Italy Congress of Vienna redivided Italy and put much of it under Austrian or Spanish control Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi were the leaders of the Italian nationalist movement Mazzini formed the Young Italy national movement in 1831 Mazzini was exiled for his views Cavour, prime minister of the Italian state of Sardinia found inspiration in Mazzini writings

Cavour formed an alliance with France and Prussia Used diplomacy and war to drive out the Austrians Garibaldi, soldier who led the forces that won control of southern Italy and helped it to unite with the north 1861, Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia was crowned king of a united Italy Despite unification, with no tradition of unity, the new nation faced conflicts – north vs. south; Catholic Church resisted the new gov’t

Germany – similar events as Italy; Napoleon influence; Congress of Vienna; and Conservatism (Metternich) Rise of Prussia – 1830s, Prussia set up a trade union among German states called the Zollverein; agreement ended trade barriers b/t states and a major step towards unity Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor of Prussia; guided German unification; NOT driven by a sense of nationalism; loyal to the Prussian king. Bismarck’s goal: make the Prussian king the ruler of a strong and unified German state

Germany “Blood and Iron” – Bismarck believed the only way to unite was through “blood and iron” – through war! Bismarck led Prussia into three wars, each war increased Prussia’s prestige and closer to unity Danish War Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War 1871, the German states united under the Prussian king, William I – Kaiser William – a name that came from Caesar, which meant emperor

Zionism Nationalism led to an intensification of anti-Semitism
More patriotic about their group, the more intolerant of those whom they saw as outsiders, including Jews Pogroms in Russia is an example anti-Semitism grew in Europe Many Jews moved to Palestine Theodor Herzl called for Jews to establish their own state Herzl’s writing helped to build Zionism, the movement devoted to building a Jewish state in Palestine 1897, first world congress of Zionism – his dream, a independent Israel

Nationalism in Asia India, since the 1700s, Britain maintained control
Nationalistic idea began to grow through Indians educated in the West Indian students learned about democracy and natural rights – they called for self-rule Indian National Congress – 1885, made up primarily of Hindu professionals and business leaders Initially, called for equal opportunity to serve in the gov’t in India; called for greater democracy and western-style modernization, looking ahead to self-rule

Nationalism in Asia Muslim League – Muslim grew distrustful of the Indian National Congress because it was mostly Hindu Increased strength of Hindu nationalism alarmed Muslims 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to protect their own rights Turkey 1800s, the multinational Ottoman empire faced challenges from the various ethnic groups in the empire Young Turks – young liberals; wanted to strengthen the Ottoman empire and end the threat of western imperialism 1908, they overthrew the sultan and took control of the gov’t

Nationalism in Asia The Armenian Massacre – The Young Turks supported Turkish nationalism; abandoned traditional Ottoman tolerance of diverse cultures and religions Muslims Turks turned against Christian Armenians who were living in the Ottoman empire Accused the Armenians of plotting with Russia against the empire Turks massacred close to 1M Armenians over the 25 years

Nationalism and Conflict in the Balkans
1800s, Ottomans still controlled much of the area, which was home to many groups. Serbs Greeks Bulgarians Romanians Nationalist groups in the Balkans rebelled against foreign rule , Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria all gained their independence

Nationalism and Conflict in the Balkans
Europe now views the Ottoman empire as the “the sick man of Europe” – they hoped to gain land from the empire Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain, and France all entered into alliances and wars that were designed to gain territory from the Ottomans Russia sponsored a nationalistic movement called Pan-Slavism – based on the idea that all Slavic peoples shared a common nationality Serbia had a large Slavic population and was supported by Russia Austria-Hungary takes control of two provinces that would have given Serbia access to the Adriatic Sea Early 1900, the Balkans were the “powder keg if Europe” Stay tuned for WWI

Industrial Revolution
Economic and Social Revolutions Key IDs The Agrarian Revolution In 1750, most people still lived in small villages and made their own clothing and tools Agrarian Revolution Enclosure Industrial Revolution Factory Laissez Faire Adam Smith Liberalism Conservatism Thomas Malthus Socialism Karl Marx Suffrage

Economic and Social Revolutions
The Agrarian Revolution Increased Food Production – the movement away from rural life began with the Agrarian Revolution, a change in methods in farming technology – Dikes, fertilizer, new ways to produce more food, the seed drill Enclosure Movement – fencing off land that once had been shared by peasants farmers; replaced the many small strip farms with larger fields; made farming more efficient, improving agricultural production Population Explosion – the Agrarian Rev led to rapid population growth

The Industrial Revolution 1750s, shift from had tools to complex machines and from human and animal power to steam power Causes of the Industrial Rev Began in Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, and the U.S. Geography – G.B. had plenty of coal and iron ore; natural harbors, and rivers Population Growth led to more avail. Workers The enclosure movement required fewer workers People moved to the cities to work in the factories Capital – The British overseas empire had made the economy strong and as a result, more capital to invest

The Industrial Revolution Causes of the Industrial Rev Energy and Technology – 1700s, people used giant water wheels to power new machines; soon coal was used to power steam engines Factory System and Mass Production Textile industry was the first to use the inventions of the Industrial Rev. Workers move to sheds that were owned by the manufactures Machines were larges and costly Sheds were the first factories

Factory System and Mass Production Laissez-Faire Economics – during the Enlightenment a new economic theory emerged – laissez faire – businesses should operate with little or no government interfernce Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations – became the basis prevailing economic system during the Industrial Rev. New Class Structure – the Industrial Rev. added more complexity to the class system Upper Class – very rich industrial and business families Middle Class – business people and professionals Working Class – factory workers and peasants; harsh living and working conditions in overcrowded cities

Urbanization – people moved from villages and farms to the cities where the factories were located; lived in overcrowded buildings; without sewage or sanitation system; garbage rotted in the streets; disease spread Working Conditions – long factory hours; men, women, and children would work hours a day; machines were dangerous Changing Social Roles – Farming– the family worked together; artisans worked in their homes During the IR, middle-class men worked in businesses and gov’t Impact on family life – middle-class children had a high standard of living; working class children had it rough; worked long hors to help support the family

Factory System and Mass Production Urbanization – people moved from villages and farms to the cities where the factories were located; lived in overcrowded buildings; without sewage or sanitation system; garbage rotted in the streets; disease spread Working Conditions – long factory hours; men, women, and children would work hours a day; machines were dangerous Changing Social Roles – Farming– the family worked together; artisans worked in their homes During the IR, middle-class men worked in businesses and gov’t Impact on family life – middle-class children had a high standard of living; working class children had it rough; worked long hors to help support the family

Competing Philosophies Liberalism – strong belief in individual right to liberty, equality, and property. The main purpose of gov’t was to protect individual liberty; most liberals accepted Smith’s laissez-faire ideas of economics Conservatism – beliefs held by classes who had been in power previously – monarchs, nobles, and church leaders Wanted social and political structures to return to what had been before the revolutionary movements Thomas Malthus – concluded that the poor would continue to suffer as long as the population kept increasing; urged families to have fewer children

Social Darwinism – Using ideas of Thomas Malthus, Charles Darwin argued that species naturally produced more offspring than the food supply could support ; members of each species had to compete to survive; natural forces selected the most able members, producing an improved species According to Social Darwinism – successful businesspeople were successful because they were naturally more “fit” to succeed than others. War allowed stronger nations to week out the weaker ones Social Darwinism would play a role in racism Play a role in the development of Imperialism

Social Reformism – Jeremy Bentham argued that the goal of society should be the happiness of its people John Stuart Mills believed that gov’t should improve the lives of the poor Reform movements attempted to correct the abuses of child labor; trade unions grew in power; worked for social reform Socialism Concentrated less on the interests and rights of individuals and more on the interests of society; believed that industrial capitalism created a large gap between rich and poor. Under socialism, farms and business would belong to all the people, not to individuals

Utopian Socialism – Utopians sought to create self-sufficient communities, where all property and work would be shared; all would have equal wealth; fighting would end Marxist Socialism Karl Marx – “scientific socialism, 1848, Marx and Friedrich Engels penned the Communist Manifesto history was a class struggle b/t capitalists and the working class, proletariat Capitalists took advantage of the proletariat Proletariat would rise up to overthrow the capitalist system, creating their own society

Marxist Socialism The proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared 1900s, Soviet Union, Marx’s ideas would lead to a communist dictatorship and a command economy, in which gov’t officials made all economic decisions.

Japan and Meiji Restoration
Key Ids The Opening of Japan 1853, U.S. ships sailed into Edo Bay (Tokyo)…ended more than 200 years of Japanese isolation This Contact led to significant changes and had a huge impact of Japan Matthew Perry Treaty of Kanagawa Meiji Restoration Sino-Japanese War Zaibatsu Russo-Japanese War

Tokugawa Isolation Timeline 1500s Europeans traders arrive 1600s, Tokugawa shoguns take control Brought stability Banned contact with the outside world Limited trade with only the Dutch

Commodore Matthew Perry 1854, American warships, commanded by Perry sailed to Japan Perry presents letter from the President of the U.S. asking for Japan to open its ports to trade Initially, Japan refuses Impressed by America’s show of strength, the shogun agreed to the

Treaty of Kanagawa Ended Japan’s long period of isolation Open two ports to American ships Britain, Russia, and France would follow Many Japanese believed that the shogun had shown weakness Some Japanese believed that Japan needed to modernize in order to compete with the West Rebellion to overthrow the shogun Restored power to the emperor , and launched Japan into a period of modernization and industrialization

Modernization and industrialization 1867, daimyo and samurai led a rebellion that removed the Tokugawa shogun from power 1868, the emperor restored is known as the Meiji Restoration Meiji – “enlightened rule” During this period, the emperor implemented a series of reforms that changed Japans forever

Western Influence Goal – to strengthen Japan against the West Government officials traveled to the west to learn about gov’t, economics, technology, and customs Economic Development The Meiji gov’t used western methods and machinery to develop and industrial economy Built factories and sold them to wealthy families – known as Zaibatsu Gov’t developed banking and postal system; built railroads and improved ports By 1890, economy flourished and peasant move to the cites

Strong Central Government Modeled their gov’t after Germany Constitution gave the emperor autocratic power Created a two-house legislature; only one house was elected and suffrage was limited Military Power 1890, Japan had a modern army and strong navy All men had to enter military service Would prove victorious in battle against China and Russia

Japan as a Global Power Japan used its industrial and military strength to begin a policy of imperialism Sought colonies and sources for raw materials Colonies were gained through war Sino-Japanese War ( ) 1894, war with China Japan quickly won Gained Formosa (Taiwan) and ports in China Made Korea a Japanese protectorate

Russo-Japanese War ( ) War with Russia Conflicting interest over Korea Japan’s modern military crushed Russia 1910, Japan had complete control of Korean and parts of Manchuria Dependence of a World Market Industrialization forced Japan to become dependent of trade Japan – an island empire with few natural resources Relied on foreign trade for resources

Imperialism Key IDs What is Imperialism?
The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country Imperialism Sepoy Mutiny Boer War Opium War Treaty of Nanjing Sphere of Influence Taiping Rebellion Boxer Rebellion Sun Yet Sen

Imperialism Old Imperialism – 1500-1800
European nations established colonies in the Americas, India, and SE Asia Gained territory on the coasts of Africa and China New Imperialism – Rise of nationalism Newly industrialized nations made economies stronger Nations interested in expanding into other lands Focused mainly in Asia and Africa, where declining empires and local wars left many states vulnerable

Imperialism Causes for Imperialism Nationalism and Darwinism
Nationalism promoted the idea of national superiority Believed they had a right to take control of countries viewed weaker Social Darwinism – it was natural rights for stronger nation to dominate weaker ones Military Motives Linked to Nationalism Use of military to promote a nation’s goals Colonies were important as bases for resupply of ships A nation with many colonies had power and security

Imperialism Causes for Imperialism Economic Motives
Need for raw materials Need for additional markets to sell goods Need for a place to invest their profits White Man’s Burden Rudyard Kipling’s poem, “White Man’s Burden” Justification for imperialism White imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in nations they considered less developed Missionaries spread western ideas, customs, and religion

Imperialism British in India British East India Company
Established trading rights in India in the early 1600s Mid-1800s, decline of the Mughal empire and the defeat of French rivals, British East India Company controlled 3/5 of India Company employed Indian soldiers, called Sepoys

Imperialism British in India The Sepoy Mutiny 1857, tensions rose
Britain asked Indians to follow rules against their religious beliefs The Rebellion called for Hindus and Muslims to revolt Britain crushed the revolt Left bitter feeling Caused Britain to change their policies 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company British gov’t takes complete control of India

Imperialism Scramble for Africa
1870, King Leopold of Belgium sent a mission to the interior of Africa Established trade agreements with the leaders of the Congo The Congo sets off a scramble among other European nations to establish their presence on the continent The Berlin Conference 1884, European nations idea to avoid conflict among themselves Rules for colonizing Africa Divided Africa 1850, most of Africa had been free – 70 years later, most of Africa was under European control

Imperialism The Battle of Southern Africa Arrival of the Europeans
The Zulu Empire Early 1800s – Shaka, organized Zulu warriors into a fighting force Shaka used his power against European slave traders and ivory hunters Through conquest of other African groups, Shaka united the Zulu nation Arrival of the Europeans Mid-1600s, Dutch farmers, called Boers, settled southern Africa Built Cape Town 1700s, began to move north Fought African groups, including the Zulus Early 1800s - Britain acquires the Cape Colony for the Dutch

Imperialism The Battle of Southern Africa The Zulu Nations Fights Back
Boers, resenting British rule, migrated north during the 1830s Came into conflict with Zulus Fighting would continue until late in the century Zulus conflict with Britain Zulus experience victory in 1879 Superior weapons of the British would eventually crush Zulu resistance

Imperialism The Battle of Southern Africa The Boer War
Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony Britain expands its control of southern Africa Late 1800s, Britain annexes the Boer republic The Boer resists – The Boer War( ) The British win 1910, Britain combines the Boer Republics with Cape Colony to form the Union of South Africa

Imperialism The Battle of Southern Africa Anti-Slave Legislation
Prior to the scramble, most European nations had abolished slave trade Denmark 1803 Britain 1807 France 1818 Illegal slave-trading continued throughout the 1800s

Imperialism Imperialism in China The Opium War
British merchants began to trade opium in China in the late 1700s China tried to halt imports of the addictive drug 1839, Britain fought to China (The Opium War) to keep trade open Military superiority – Britain wins! Treaty of Nanjing 1842, China forced to agree to the harsh terms of the treaty China had to pay Britain’s war costs; open ports to Britain, give Britain the island of Hong Kong

Imperialism Imperialism in China Treaty of Nanjing
Extraterritoriality – the right British citizens living in China to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts Forced China to sign unequal treaties Western powers carved out spheres of influence, areas in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges

Imperialism Imperialism in China China Resists The Taiping Rebellion
– Chinese peasant, angry at their poverty and at corrupt Qing officials, rose up in revolt The Taiping Rebellion resulted in millions of Chinese deaths and weakened China The Boxer Rebellion 1900, Chinese assaulted foreign communities across China The West and Japan crushed the uprising; forced China to grant more concessions to foreign powers

Imperialism Imperialism in China China Resists The Boxer Rebellion
After this defeat, many Chinese called for western-style reforms Sun Yet Sen and the Chinese Revolution Reformer

Imperialism Imperialism in China China Resists The Boxer Rebellion
Father of Modern China Chinese nationalism Led movement to replace the Qing Dynasty Goals: end foreign domination; forma a representative gov’t, to create economic security to the Chinese 1911, workers, peasants, students, and warlords toppled the monarchy, Sun Yet Sen was named president of the Chinese Republic.

Imperialism The Effects on the Colonies Short-term
Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign control Local economies became dependent on industrialized power Nations introduced changes to meet imperialist challenges Indiv. And groups resisted Western culture spread Traditional political units were disrupted or destroyed Famines occurred in lands where farmers grew export crops for new imperialist nations in place of food for local use

Imperialism The Effects on the Colonies Long-term
Western culture continued to influence Transportation, education, and medical care were improved Resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalist movements Many economies became based on single cash crops grown for export Effects on Europe and the World Discovered new crops, foods, and other products Introduced to new cultural influence Competition for empire created conflict..led to war The industrial nations controlled a new global economy

Crises and Achievements
Part Six Crises and Achievements

Scientific and Technological Advancements
Key IDs Louis Pasteur Dynamo Marie Curie Albert Einstein Sigmund Freud Thomas Edison Radioactivity Antibiotic Germ Theory 1800s and early 1900s, medical discoveries would revolutionize the field of medicine Improve health care Increase in human life expectancy

Germ Theory – Prior to the mid-1800s, the cause of disease was still unknown Late 1800s, scientist were making great progress in this area Louis Pasteur – 1870s, Pasteur made two important discoveries The link between germs and disease Proved that killing certain germs stops the spread of certain diseases Robert Koch – discovered the bacteria that cause tuberculosis Koch and Pasteur – established the germ theory of disease, the idea that many disease are caused by microorganisms; people washed more often and made other lifestyle changes to limit the spread of disease

Antibiotics – Another turning point in the field of medicine 1928 – A mold called Penicillium killed germs This discovery paved the way for the development of drugs called antibiotics Antibiotics – attacked or weakened the bacteria that caused many diseases Antibiotics would become a standard of healthcare by the 1940s

Improved Standard of Living
Better Wages and Working Conditions – late 1800s, labor unions became legal in most countries of Europe Unions, reformers, and working-class voters pushed for better working conditions and higher wages Wages improved, people ate better, lived a cleaner life, and lived in safer homes Reform laws regulated working conditions and provided social benefits to the elderly and unemployed

Improved Standard of Living
Better Housing – Late 1800s and early 1900s, city governments paved their streets, making cities a better place to live Housing improved Steel now used to construct taller and stronger buildings Improved Sanitation – Underground sewage = healthier cities Waste no longer ran through the streets, spreading disease and polluting drinking water Death rates were dramatically reduced

New Inventions Electricity – Early 1800s, small amounts of electricity discovered Dynamo – enabled the generation of large amounts of electricity 1879, Thomas Edison – developed the first practical light bulb Soon cities had electric street lights 1890s, Factories were powered by electricity Homes were able to run appliances Telephone – 1876 Alexander Graham Bell Radio – 1895, wireless communication The Automobile – Late 1870s The Airplane – The Wright Brothers (1903)

Population Explosion New Scientific Theories
Population Exploded because: Technology made life healthier, safer, and easier Fewer children died Life expectancy increased New Scientific Theories Marie Curie – experimented with radioactivity, energy released by certain substances Discovered radium and polonium – had a huge effect on fields such as energy production, medicine, and military technology

Population Explosion Einstein – Theory of Relativity
space and time measurements are not absolute, but are determined many factors that are unknown Caused people to question the common view of the universe as a machine that worked by easily understood laws Freud – the human mind – believed that a part of the mind, which he called the unconscious, drives much of human behavior Believed tension between the drives of the unconscious mind and the demands of a civilized society caused psychological and physical illness Developed a new method to treat mental illness

World War I Key IDs Militarism Bosnia Archduke Ferdinand
Central Powers Allied Powers Trench Warfare Total War Propaganda Neutral Armistice Reparation M.A.I.N.

World War I Causes: Nationalism – Early 1900s, aggressive nationalism was a source of tension throughout Europe Germany and France Strong in both nations Germany now unified and proud of its growing military and industrial growth France was looking to regain its position as a leading European power Lost the Franco-Prussian War in 1871; wanted revenge Lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine

World War I Causes: Pan-Slavism
Russia had encourage a form of nationalism in Eastern Europe called Pan-Slavism – movement to draw together all Slavic people Russia was the largest Slavic country Ready to defend Serbia, a nation located in the Balkans Within the Balkans, all small Slavic populations lloked to Russia for leadership in their desire for unity Austria-Hungary, multinational empire, opposed Slavic national movements

World War I Causes: Militarism
The buildup of military power in Europe led to fear and suspicion by many nations Nations became more willing to use military force to attain their national goals Arms Race – race to expand navies and armies Fierce rivalry between Germany and Britain

World War I Causes: Imperialism
European nations competed for colonies and economic power France and Germany competed for gain in Africa Britain and Germany competed industrially Germany had industrialized rapidly and Britain felt threatened Threatened by Germany, Britain and France began to form close ties with each other

World War I Causes: Alliance System
Increased tensions and suspicions led nations to form alliances Nations agreed to defend each other in case of attack Triple Alliance and Triple Entente – 1914 Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente – Britain, France, and Russia

World War I Causes: Decline of the Ottoman Empire
In addition to M.A.I.N., other situations also set the stage for war The Sick Man of Europe – The Ottoman Empire had become weak Britain relations with the Empire had become strained Germany develops a relationship with the Empire Genocide – The Armenian Massacres (1890s) Rivalry between Turkey and Russia Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians, believing they supported Russian again the Ottoman Empire

Genocide – The Armenian Massacres Armenians protested oppressive Ottoman policies Turks massacred millions Armenians over the next 25 years The Balkan Powder Keg Ottoman control over the Balkans weakens Serbia declares its independence, hoping to build a Slavic State Serbia wanted control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, two provinces that would give landlocked Serbia access to the Adriatic Sea; Ottoman provinces and administered by Austria-Hungary

The Balkan Powder Keg Austria-Hungary opposed Serbian ambitions Feared that the same kind of nationalism would spread to its own multinational empire Austria-Hungary feared Russian expansion 1912, Serbia attacked the Ottoman Empire All of Europe were interested in gaining land from the crumbling Ottoman Empire 1914, any spark in the Balkan (the powder keg) could lead to war

World War I War Begins The Balkan Crisis – World War I began in the Balkans June 28, 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne assassinated in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia. Gavrilo Princip, member of a radical Slavic nationalist group that opposed Austrian rule, shit and killed the archduke and his wife

World War I War Begins Chain Reaction
After the assassination, the major nations of Europe responded Each hostile action led to another hostile action Austria-Hungary blames Serbia Serbia refuses to comply with Austrian demands Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia, a Slavic nation, mobilizes to prepare for war Germany, ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia Germany invades Belgium Britain declared war on Germany

World War I Central Powers and Allied Powers
Central Powers -- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire Allied Powers – Britain, France, and Russia Italy remain neutral, but it eventually joined the Allies U.S. would also join the allies

World War I Central Powers and Allied Powers Three Major Fronts
The Western Front – extended across Belgium and northeastern France to the border of Switzerland Eastern Front – From the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea Southern Front – Between Italy and Austria-Hungary Fighting also took place in Africa and the Middle East

A Path towards Friendship or War
1879 The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia 1882 The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia 1914 Triple Entente (no separate peace) Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately. A Path towards Friendship or War 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria-Hungary 1907 Triple Entente This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany. 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente This was an agreement between Britain and Russia 1904 Entente Cordiale This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.

World War I An Industrialized War
WWI – a war between industrialized powers New technology made this war an enormously destructive one Dynamite, invented in 1867 would become a popular weapon The airplane, and communication devices were also put to use The submarine; the tank; poison gas; the machine gun Trench Warfare – The Western Front, a 600-mile stretch Troops dug trenches along the front Very little ground was gained by wither side Many soldiers were killed

World War I Civilian Life and Total War
The war was fought at home as well as on the battlefield – a total war In a total war, all of a nation’s resources go into the war effort The Draft Raised Taxes and borrowed money Rationed or limited the supply of goods at home so that the military could be provided for Use of the press to print propaganda, the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause Women join the war effort at home, the factory, and the front (nurses)

World War I Turning Points Entry of the U.S. in 1917
Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare, meaning it attacked any ships on the Atlantic This policy carved the way for U.S. entry Russian Withdrawal Low morale contributed to a revolution in 1917 1918, Russia signs a treaty with Germany that took Russia out of the war

World War I Costs of War 1918, an armistice, or an agreement to end the fighting was declared The costs were enormous 8.5M+ had died 17M+ soldiers had been wounded Famine threatened many regions Disease was widespread Factories, farms, and homes destroyed Nations had huge war debts to repay Reparations – the Allies, bitter as the destruction, insisted that the Central Powers had to make reparations, payments for the damage

Revolution in Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution
Key IDs Long-Term Causes Late 1800s- Early 1900s, discontent grew as Russian czars resisted needed reform Soviet Vladimir Lenin Bolshevik New Economic Policy Joseph Stalin Totalitarian State Command Economy Five-Year Plan Collective

Czarist Rule Late 1800s, Alexander III and his son, Nicolas II, sought to industrialize the country and build Russia’s economic strength Wanted to import Western ideas Wanted to prevent French Revolution ideas from leaking in Russian liberals called for a constitution and reforms that would eliminate corruption in gov’t Czars used harsh tactics to suppress reform (secret police)

Peasant Unrest Landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar dominated society Peasants (a small middle class) was prevented from gaining power Peasants were poor to buy land, did not have enough food to feed their families Opposed industrialization because they feared the changes it brought and preferred the old ways Some peasant moved to the cities and worked in factories Worked long hours, low pay It was these workers that socialist spread ideas about revolution and reform

Diversity and Nationalism Russia ruled a vast and diverse empire Many different ethnic minorities Czars maintained strict control over these groups Russification – czars attempted to make all in their empire to think, act, and believe as Russians Ethnic minorities did want their native cultures destroyed Pockets of nationalism remained

Revolution of 1905 Jan. 22, 1905, a march occurred in St. Petersburg Peaceful marchers hoped to influence the czar for reform Nicolas II calls in the soldiers “Bloody Sunday” -- Many marchers were killed; destroyed the people’s faith and trust in the czar Strikes and revolts exploded across Russia’s cities and countryside Nicolas made some changes; agreed to reforms and promised to grant more rights, such as freedom of speech Duma, elected national legislature; had limited powers and did little to relieve peasant and worker discontent

WWI and the end of Czarist Rule Nation in Chaos; little industry; not ready to fight a modern war Russian soldiers lacked adequate weapons and supplies Suffered a series of battlefield defeats Food was scarce Many soldiers lost confidence in Russia’s military leadership and deserted

WWI and the end of Czarist Rule The March Revolution 1917, military defeats and shortages of food, fuel, and housing in Russia sparked a revolt St. Petersburg, rioters demanded bread Czar’s soldiers sympathized with the demonstrators and refused to fire on them Car forced to abdicate his rule in March of 1917

Failure of the Provisional Government Duma officials set up a provisional gov’t Middle-class liberals planned to write a constitution and promised democratic reforms Provisional gov’t continued the war against Germany – an unpopular decision that drained resources and men New gov’t implemented only moderate reforms that did little to end unrest among peasants and workers

Provisional gov’t unable to effect change led revolutionary socialists to plot further actions Established soviets, or councils of workers and soldiers in Russian cities Vladimir Lenin gains support -- exiled Russian revolutionary returned home Lenin and Leon Trotsky headed a socialist party, the Bolsheviks Followed the ideas of Karl Marx, adapted them to the Russian situation

Marx said that the urban workers would rise on their own to overthrow the capitalist system Russia lacked a large working class Lenin suggested that an elite group of reformers – the Bolsheviks – would guide the revolution Lenin gained the support of the people by making promises of “Peace, Land, and Bread.” The Bolsheviks promised an end to Russia’s involvement in the war Promised land reform and an end to the food shortages

Lenin Takes Control Nov. 1917, Bolsheviks soldiers, sailors, and factory workers in an uprising that overthrew the government (provisional gov’t) Bolsheviks called on the Communists Distributed land to the peasants and gave workers control of the factories and mines Communists still faced a struggle to maintain control over Russia

Russia withdrawals from WWI March 1918, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litosk Agreement was costly, Russian had to give a large amount of Russian territory Lenin believed he had to reach an agreement with Germany at any price so he could deal with the enemies at home Civil War , Lenin’s Red Army battled against forces loyal to the czar, called the Whites

Civil War , Lenin’s Red Army battled against forces loyal to the czar, called the Whites Nationalist groups also rose up against the Red Army, winning independence for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland Brutal tactics used by both sides; The Whites slaughtered Communists and tried to assassinate Lenin Communists employed a secret police force to root out enemies They executed thousands who were suspected of opposing the revolution

Civil War The Communist executed Czar Nicolas II – eliminated a rallying symbol Britain, France, and U.S. sent troops to help the Whites This foreign intervention stirred Russian nationalism The Red Army defeated its enemies by 1921 One-Party Government The communist party, not the people had the power The Communist Party was the only legal party Enforced its rule through military and a secret police force

New Economic Policy During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks had taken over banks, mines, factories, and railroads; resulted in an economic disaster 1921, Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy – the gov’t still controlled banks, large industry, and foreign trade Some privately owned businesses were allowed – these helped the economy recover The Soviet Union – 1922 – The Communists gained control over much of the old Russian empire; created the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR); made up of diverse European and Asian peoples; controlled the other states in the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin Lenin dies in 1924 Stalin emerged as the new leader Ruled through terror and brutality The Great Purge – Stalin accused thousands of people of crimes against the gov’t; many were executed; others were exiled or sent to prison camps For the next 20 years, Stalin pursued ruthless policies that created a totalitarian state in the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin Totalitarian Rule – a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens Russification – Stalin, a strong Russian nationalist; began to create a Russian ruling elite throughout the Soviet Union Promoted Russian history, language, and culture Appointed Russians to key posts in the gov’t and secret police Redrew boundaries of many republics to ensure that non-Russians would not gain a majority

Joseph Stalin A Command Economy – gov’t officials made all basic economic decisions; under Stalin, the gov’t controlled all factories, businesses, and farms Industrialization – to make the Soviet Union strong by turning it into a modern industrial power 1928 – launched the first of a series of five-year plans to rebuild industry and increase farm output Emphasis placed on heavy industry; consumer goods were neglected Oil, coal, steel, mining, and military goods increased

Joseph Stalin Collectivization – forced peasants to give up their small farms and live on state-owned farms (collectives); large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group They owned all farm animals and equipment Gov’t controlled prices and farm supplies and set production quotas Stalin's collective plan was to grow enough grain for the workers in the cities and to produce surplus to sell abroad Many peasants resisted collectivization – Stalin crushed all that opposed him Seized farms of those who resisted; set farmers to prison camps, or killed

Joseph Stalin Forced Famine – The results of Stalin’s policies were devastating Peasants continued to resist by growing just enough grain to feed themselves Gov’t seized all the grain of some of those communities Mass starvation resulted In the Ukraine alone, more than 5M people died from starvation; millions more throughout the Soviet Union

The Interwar Period Key IDs Treaty of Versailles Pan-Arabism Fascism
Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler League of Nations Kemal Ataturk Reza Khan Mandate Mohandas Gandhi Civil Disobedience Guomindang Great Depression Nationalism Reparations

The Interwar Period Treaty of Versailles
Jan. 1919, victorious Allied gather to work out terms of peace The “Big Three” --U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of England, and French leader Georges Clemenceau Wilson stressed self-determination, by which people would choose their own gov’t Wilson hoped to create a world organization that would guarantee peace in the future.

Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and be sure that it would never again become a threat Harsh Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles Territorial Losses – land taken from Germany; some used to help create Poland; Alsace and Lorraine returned to France; Germany lost many overseas colonies Military Restrictions – Germany’s army and navy were limited; Germany had to remove its troops from the Rhineland, and industrial area along the French border

Harsh Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles War Guilt Clause – Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay huge reparations to help undo war damage; accepting the blame and paying the reparations caused bitterness in Germany The League of Nations Group of 40 countries that hoped to settle problems through negotiations, not war Wilson’s idea, U.S. never joins – many Americans were afraid that participation would drag the U.S. into future European wars

The Interwar Period Collapse of Empires
WWI caused the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires New nations were carved out of their former territories Breakup of Austria-Hungary – new nations created; Austria and Hungary became independent nations; Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, two multinational states, were formed; Italy and Romania gained land

The Interwar Period Collapse of Empires
Breakup of the Ottoman Empire – Most Arab lands of the Ottoman empire were placed under Britain and French control In theory, these countries were being prepared for self-determination. In practice, the Allies added to their own overseas empires by creating a system of territories administered by western powers The remainder of the empire became Turkey

The Interwar Period Unfulfilled Goals
Germany was horrified by the terms of the Treaty Italy had hoped to gain more land than it received Japan was angry because the Allies did not recognize its claims in China China was angry that Japan had been given control over former German possessions in China Russia was angry over the reestablishment of Poland and the creation of independent Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania on lands that been part of the Russian empire

The Interwar Period National Movements -- Turkey
The spirit of nationalism continued after WWI Turkish Nationalism – Kemal Ataturk (“Father of Turkey”); war hero; led a Turkish nationalist movement to overthrow the sultan, defeated western forces, and declared Turkey a republic Westernization and Modernization of Turkey Ataturk believed that Turkey had to change to survive Islamic law was replaced with a new law code, based on European models

The Interwar Period National Movements -- Turkey
Westernization and Modernization of Turkey Ataturk believed that Turkey had to change to survive Muslim calendar was replaced with the western (Christian) one People were required to wear western dress State schools were set up Arabic script was replaced with the western (Latin) alphabet Women no longer had to wear veils and allowed to vote; allowed to work outside their homes Built roads, railroads, and factories

The Interwar Period National Movements -- Iran
British and the Russians had carved out spheres of influence 1925, Reza Khan overthrew the ruler of Iran, called the shah Established his own dynasty and proclaimed himself shah Quickly tried to modernize Factories, roads, and railroads Western alphabet and dress were adopted Secular schools established Islamic law replaced by secular law Women took on a larger role Khan had the support of wealthy urban Iranians but not Muslim leaders

The Interwar Period Arab Nationalism
During the war, many Arabs had been promised independence for their help After the war, Britain and France divided up the Ottoman lands Established mandates, territories administered by European powers France had mandates in Syria and Lebanon Britain had mandates in Palestine and Iraq 1920s and 1930s, Arab nationalists sought to be free of foreign control Arab Nationalism gave rise to Pan-Arabism – unity of all Arab people based on a shared heritage

The Interwar Period Zionism
Jewish people wanted to establish a Jewish state in Palestine Complex problem – Arab people already living there Conflicting problem – Allies promised Arabs land that included Palestine; they had promised to set up a Jewish state in the same region More Jews moved to Palestine to escape persecution in the 1930s, tensions grew

The Interwar Period Indian Nationalism
Indians had few right before and during the war Britain had promised India greater self-government; Britain failed to fulfill these promises The Amritsar Massacre – 1919, British troops fired on a group of Indian protestors without warning; killing 400 people; the incident convinced many Indians that British rule must end. Mohandas Gandhi – taught nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws, rather than bloodshed, were the way to win rights.

The Interwar Period Indian Nationalism
Gandhi used tactics such as boycotting, or refusing to buy , British goods Embraced western ideas of democracy and nationalism Rejected the caste system and urged equal rights for all, including women India did not achieve independence until 1947, one year before Gandhi’s death

The Interwar Period China Nationalism
Rival warlords attempted to take control of China Economy collapsed Peasants faced great economic hardship Foreign powers – especially Japan – increased their influence Rival Groups in China May 4th Movement – student movement; wanted to make China stronger through modernization; turned to ideas such as democracy and nationalism

The Interwar Period China Nationalism Rival Groups in China
Communists – some Chinese turned to the ideas of Marx and Lenin. A Chinese Communist party was formed Nationalists – Sun Yet Sin formed a nationalist party, the Guomindang. Chiang Kai-Shek took over after the death of Sun Civil War – Initially, Nationalist and Communist worked together to unite China. Over time, Chiang saw the Communist as a threat Civil War began between the Nationalism and the Communists that would last for 22 years.

The Interwar Period The Lost Generation
WWI produced disquiet in social as well as political arena The war had shaken many people’s long-held beliefs; left scars on those who survived it Writers, artists and musicians throughout the 1920s and 1930s expressed a loss of hope, rejecting former rules and moral values – these individuals became known as the “Lost Generation” Writers such as Ernest Hemingway expressed loss of faith in western civilizaion Artists expressed their feelings of loss of meaning, they experimented with color and distorted shapes

The Interwar Period The Women’s Movement
Mid-1800s, women begun to demand greater rights; property rights and suffrage 1918, Britain, granted women the right to vote 1918, the 19th amendment, U.S., gave women the right to vote

The Interwar Period Worldwide Depression
After WWI, economic problem emerged throughout Europe Soldiers returning home needed jobs Nations was war debts to pay and cities to rebuild In the decade following the war, nations began a shaky recovery Middle-class families realized a rising standard of living After the war, the U.S. experienced an economic boom U.S. became the world’s economic leader 1929, American Stock Market crashed The Great Depression of the 1930s was a time of global economic collapse

The Interwar Period Worldwide Depression Causes of the Depression
Weaknesses in the economies of the U.S. and other nations led to the Great Depression Less demand for raw materials – the war increased this demand, after the war, demand was less Overproduction of Manufactured Goods – workers had won high wages, which increased the price of goods; farmers and other people couldn’t afford the prices; factories kept producing Stock Market Crash – stocks purchased on margin (paid only a part of the cost and borrowed the rest)

The Interwar Period Worldwide Depression Impact of the Depression
Banks and businesses closed, putting millions out of work and drastically decreasing production of goods Millions came to rely on soup kitchens as a source for food Countries raised tariffs to protect their own markets, causing a decline in global trade People lose faith in democracy and capitalism Communists celebrated what they saw as the failure of capitalism Strong leaders supported intense nationalism, militarism, and a return to authoritarian rule

Industrial Unemployment Rates
The Interwar Period Worldwide Depression Industrial Unemployment Rates Country U.S. 7.9 26.1 U.K. 12.0 15.4 France 3.8 10.2 Germany 9.2 21.8

The Interwar Period Rise of Fascism Rise of dictators
Strong leaders in Italy and Germany promised solutions Fascism – rule of a people by dictatorial gov’t that is nationalistic and imperialistic; anti-communist Mussolini in Italy – war veterans couldn’t find jobs, trade was slow, taxes were high, workers went of strike Mussolini promised to end unemployment and gain more land for Italy Vowed to outlaw rebellion among workers and end all threats of communism

The Interwar Period Rise of Fascism Mussolini in Italy –
Fascist used force and terror to gain control of Italy Ended free elections, free speech, and free press Killed or jailed their enemies Italians put the goals of the state above their individual rights

The Interwar Period Rise of Fascism Hitler in Germany --
The Weimar Republic – After the war, the Kaiser stepped down; Germany was in chaos; new democratic gov’t (Weimar Republic) was politically weak Inflation created major economic problems Troubles of the nation led to the rise of the Nazi Party

The Interwar Period Rise of Fascism Hitler in Germany --
Adolf Hitler promised to provide jobs and rebuild German pride Stated that Germans were a superior race who were destined to build a new empire The Nazi Party – the Workers Party 1933, Hitler appointed Chancellor

The Interwar Period Rise of Fascism
Hitler’s Germany, called the Third Reich – a totalitarian state Built a one-party gov’t Ended civil rights, silenced his enemies with force, business under gov’t control, employed many people in large public works programs, standard of living increased, rearmed Germany and rebuilt the military Believed Jews were the cause of Germany’s problems (anti-Semitic policies); used propaganda to push these policies; boycotting Jewish businesses and selling them to non-Jews The Nuremburg Laws of 1935 – took away the political rights and German citizenship of Jews

The Interwar Period Rise of Japan
1920s, Japan moved toward greater democracy The Great Depression gave rise to militarists and extreme nationalists Unhappiness over loss of traditions High Unemployment Poverty of peasants Renewed expansion and efforts to control China

World War II Key IDs Appeasement Hiroshima Blitz Winston Churchill
Concentration Camp Holocaust Bataan Death March United Nations Genocide Pearl Harbor FDR De Gaulle

World War II Causes Of The War
1930s, Italy, Germany, and Japan sought to build new empires League of Nations was weak Western countries recovering from the Great Depression and did not want any more war Acts of aggression occurred and allowed to go unchecked Japan Invades China 1931, Japan seized Manchuria; League of Nations condemns the actions; Japan withdrawals from League of Nations

World War II Causes Of The War Japan Invades China
This incident strengthens militarism in Japan 1937, Japan invades Chinese mainland Established a puppet gov’t “Rape of Nanjing” Japan continued to gain territory during the period of war with China

World War II Causes Of The War Italy Attacks Ethiopia
1935, Italian army invaded the African country of Ethiopia Ethiopia appeals to the League of Nations The league agreed to stop the sale of weapons and other war materials to Italy Agreement was not honored by all nations

World War II Causes Of The War German Aggression
Ignoring the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler rebuilt the German army 1936, Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland (border b/t Germany and France) The Treaty required that Germany remove troops from this region 1938, Hitler made Austria part of the German empire Forced Czechoslovakia to give Germany a border area called the Sudetenland, where many Germans lived

World War II Causes Of The War German Aggression
Appeasement – Western democracies adopted a policy of appeasement. Under this policy, nations gave in to aggressive demands to maintain peace Western democracies responded weakly to German aggression Munich Conference, 1938, western democracies agreed that Germany would seize control of the Sudetenland

World War II War Begins In the face of this weakness, Japan, Italy, and Germany formed the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis; agreed to fight Soviet communism and not to stop each other from making foreign conquests Appeasement failed March 1939, Hitler takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia Aug. 1939, Hitler made a pact with Stalin, agreed not to fight each other Sept. 1939, Germany invaded Poland Britain and France declared war on Germany….the start of WWII

World War II Axis Power War between the Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
Axis – Germany, Italy, and Japan Allied – Britain and France; Allies would later be joined by the Soviet Union, China, and the U.S. Nazi forces conquered Poland in a swift, massive attack known as blitzkrieg, or lighting war 1940, Hitler overran Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium June 1940, Germans take Paris

World War II Axis Power Turning Points of the War
Charles de Gaulle, formed a French gov’t in exile; calling on French forces to continue fighting Germany Turning Points of the War 1941, U.S. enters the war FDR met with England’s Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, declared their common desire to end Nazi tyranny U.S. continued to supply arms to the Allies

World War II Turning Points of the War
U.S. banned the sale of war materials to Japan in order to stop Japanese aggression Dec. 7, 1941, Japan launches a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor FDR asks congress to declare war on Japan U.S. entry into the war gave the Allies added strength Battle of Stalingrad ( ) Germans invaded the Soviet Union; advanced as far as Moscow and Leningrad; Hitler turns south to Stalingrad; Russian troops and a freezing winter caused the Germans to surrender in 1943; Red Army pushes the Nazi army out and advances on Germany

World War II Turning Points of the War El Alamein (1942) North Africa
General Rommel gained many victories in British forces in Egypt finally stopped Rommel's advances during the Battle of El Alamein With U.S. help, Rommel’s army forced to surrender in 1943

World War II Turning Points of the War Invasion of Italy (1943)
Victory in N. Africa allowed the Allies to land in Italy in July, 1943 Hitler was forced to send troops ot Italy, weakening his forces in Western Europe Invasion of Normandy (1944) June 6, 1944; Allied troops cross the English Channel, landing on the beaches of Normandy Broke through German defenses to advance towards Paris; Allies move up from France into Germany

World War II The War Ends
War in Europe ended on May 7, 1945 with the German’s surrender Fighting in the Pacific would continue until August Yalta Conference Feb. 1945; Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at a Soviet resort called Yalta; knew the war was close and end; decided they would divide Germany temporarily British, French, American, and Soviet forces would each control a zone of Germany Agreed that Stalin would oversee the creation of new governments in Eastern Europe.

World War II The War Ends Victory in the Pacific
U.S. takes the fight to a weakened Japan; American forces recaptured Japanese-held islands south of Japan and advanced north By 1944, the Americans had begun to comb Japanese cities; Japan refuses to surrender Hiroshima and Nagasaki Aug 6 and Aug 9, U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan killing 110K people immediately; approx. another 100K would die from radiation poisoning Sept. 2, 1945, Japan surrenders

World War II Civilian life and Total War
Total War – all resources deployed, major cites attacked and destroyed The Blitz – massive bombing of London Democratic gov’t increased their power during the war Factories produced war materials instead of civilian products Prices and wages were fixed, and consumer goods were rationed Women worked in the factories, served as nurses at field hospitals Totality of War: 50-60M killed, 6M Jews, 20M Russians, 400K U.S., 13.6M Germans (10M on Eastern Front)

World War II The Holocaust
One of Hitler’s goals was to create “living space” for Germans who he considered racially superior Planned to destroy the people he found inferior – the Jews were his main target Wanted to destroy or enslave other, including Slavs, Gypsies, and the mentally or physically disabled Genocide – the attempt to destroy an entire ethic or religious group Hitler committed genocide against the Jews Nov 8, 1937, called Kristallnacht, organized violence against the Jews began

World War II The Holocaust
Nov 8, 1937, called Kristallnacht, organized violence against the Jews began Thousands of Jewish synagogues, businesses, cemeteries, schools, and home were destroyed 30K Jews were arrested for being Jewish and forced to live in separate areas Concentration Camps, death camps – Jews were starved, shot, or gassed to death By 1945, over 6M Jews died in what became known as the Holocaust

World War II Wartime Atrocities
In addition to the Holocaust, there many other wartime atrocities or crimes against humanity 1937, “The Rape of Nanjing” – 250K Chinese were slaughtered by the Japanese Bataan Death March – Japanses soldiers forced American and Filipino prisoners of war on a march up the Bataan peninsula. Soldiers were beaten, stabbed, and shot Poland – Soviet troops subjected thousands of Poles to imprisonment, torture, and execution

World War II Impact of War Economic Losses – Europe and Asia in ruins.
European countryside was devastated as well The economies of war-torn countries took years to recover The United Nations April 1945, United Nations established To provide a place to discuss world problems and develop solutions

Part Seven

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