1. Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort.
What Is Motivation?
Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort.
Direction of effort: Whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to a situation.
Intensity of effort: How much effort an individual puts forth in a situation.
Direction and intensity of effort are closely related.

2. Talk informally to others Ask participants directly
How to Identify Participant Motives
Observe participants
Talk informally to others
Ask participants directly

3. Major Motives for Sport Participants
Improving skills
Having fun
Being with friends
Experiencing thrills and excitement
Achieving success
Developing fitness

4. 3 Views of Motivation Participant – or Trait–Centered View
Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics (e.g., needs, goals, personality).

5. Situation – Centered View
Motivated behavior is primarily determined by situational factors.

6. Interactional View
Motivated behavior results from the interaction of participant factors and situational factors.

7. Developing a Realistic View of Motivation
Motivation is a key variable in learning, performance and rehabilitation contexts.
Other physical and psychological factors beyond motivation influence behavior and must be considered.
Some motivational factors are more easily influenced than others.

8. Achievement Motivation
An individual’s orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments.

9. Competitiveness
“A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others.”

10. Keys: Competitiveness = Social evaluation or comparison
Achievement motivation = Self-comparison or achievement

11. Four Theories of Achievement Motivation in Sport & Exercise Contexts

12. Need Achievement Theory

13. Attribution Theory Attributions
How people explain their successes and failures

14. External
Internal
Unstable
Luck
Effort
Ability/Trait
Stable
Task

15. Achievement Goal Theory
Achievement goals
Outcome goal orientation (or competitive goal orientation) focuses on comparing performance with others and defeating others.
Task goal orientation (or mastery goal orientation) focuses on improving relative to one’s own past performances.

16. Achievement Goal Theory
Keys in Rehab Setting
Focus extra attention on task-oriented goals.
Foster mastery or task motivational climates.

17. Competence Motivation Theory
Keys in Rehab Setting
People are motivated to feel worthy or competent.
Feelings of competence and worth, as well as perceptions of control, determine motives.

18. What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us About High Achievers
1. High motivation to achieve success
2. Low motivation to achieve failure
3. Focuses on the pride of success
4. Attributes success to stable and internal factors within one’s control
5. Attributes failure to unstable and external factors outside one’s control

19. 6. Has high perceived competence and
6. Has high perceived competence and feels that achievement is within his or her control
7. Seeks out challenges and able competitors/tasks
8. Performs well in evaluative conditions

20. What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us About Low Achievers
1. Low motivation to achieve success
2. High motivation to achieve failure
3. Focuses on shame and worry that may result from failure
4. Has low perceived competence and feels that achievement is outside his or her control

21. 9. Performs poorly in evaluative conditions
5. Ascribes success to unstable and external factors outside one’s control
6. Ascribes failure to stable and internal factors within one’s control
7. Usually adopts outcome goals
8. Avoids challenges; seeks out very difficult or very easy tasks/ competitors
9. Performs poorly in evaluative conditions

22. Five Guidelines for Building Motivation in Rehabilitation

23. Both situations and traits motivate people.
Guideline 1
Guidelines for Building Motivation
Both situations and traits motivate people.

24. People have multiple motives for involvement.
Guideline 2
Guidelines for Building Motivation
People have multiple motives for involvement.

25. Change the environment to enhance motivation.
Guideline 3
Guidelines for Building Motivation
Change the environment to enhance motivation.

26. Leaders influence motivation, directly and indirectly.
Guideline 4
Guidelines for Building Motivation
Leaders influence motivation, directly and indirectly.

27. Guidelines for Building Motivation
Use behavior modification methods to change undesirable participant motives.
Positive reinforcements
Appropriate attributions
Goal –setting
(task vs. outcome focus)