1. Remembering & Forgetting Unit 8 Lesson 2

2. Objectives Review elements of memory & information processing. Review elements of memory & information processing. Explain retrieval techniques. Explain retrieval techniques. Describe theories on forgetting. Describe theories on forgetting.

3. Warm Up What are the 3 stages of info processing theory? What are the 3 stages of info processing theory? Input – Central Processing – Output Input – Central Processing – Output

4. Warm Up What happens in the central processing stage? What happens in the central processing stage? Encode-Store- Retrieve Info Encode-Store- Retrieve Info

5. Review 3 Memory Systems? 3 Memory Systems? Sensory Sensory Short-Term Short-Term Working Working Long-Term Long-Term Types of LTM? Types of LTM? Episodic- Events Episodic- Events Semantic- Knowledge Semantic- Knowledge Procedural- Skill Procedural- Skill

6. Review Fill-In-Blank Info enters the ___ where we have to pay ___ to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves into ___ where there is limited capacity and duration. To increase capacity we can ___ info. To increase duration we can ___ info. We must then move this info into ___ by connecting it to stuff we already know, called ___. We organize LTM into mental maps, called _____. Info enters the ___ where we have to pay ___ to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves into ___ where there is limited capacity and duration. To increase capacity we can ___ info. To increase duration we can ___ info. We must then move this info into ___ by connecting it to stuff we already know, called ___. We organize LTM into mental maps, called _____.

7. Review Fill-In-Blank Info enters the sensory memory where we have to pay attention to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves into STM/working memory where there is limited capacity and duration. To increase capacity we can chunk info. To increase duration we can rehearse info. We must then move this info into LTM by connecting it to stuff we already know, encoding. Info enters the sensory memory where we have to pay attention to it or it is lost. If we do, it moves into STM/working memory where there is limited capacity and duration. To increase capacity we can chunk info. To increase duration we can rehearse info. We must then move this info into LTM by connecting it to stuff we already know, encoding.

8. Retrieval Obtaining info stored in LTM for use Obtaining info stored in LTM for use Recognition – Id as familiar or unfamiliar Recognition – Id as familiar or unfamiliar Recall – Active reconstruction of previous learned into Recall – Active reconstruction of previous learned into Confabulation- “remember” info never stored Confabulation- “remember” info never stored Relearning – Learned before, haven’t rehearsed lately, can relearn quickly. Relearning – Learned before, haven’t rehearsed lately, can relearn quickly.

9. Recognition Test LIONBEARPIG COWCHICKENBIRD ELEPHANTGIRAFFEDOG

10. Which of the following words was not on the list? Which of the following words was not on the list? A. Lion A. Lion B. Chicken B. Chicken C. Elephant C. Elephant D. Tiger D. Tiger E. Dog E. Dog

11. Recall Test HATEIRATEHAPPY MADFURIOUSMEAN CALMENRAGEDFUMING

13. Memory Reconstruction Must be careful when recalling info b/c of confabulation … how many wrote ANGRY? Expectation that it would be part of list… Must be careful when recalling info b/c of confabulation … how many wrote ANGRY? Expectation that it would be part of list… Eyewitness Testimony Eyewitness Testimony Recovered Memories Recovered Memories

14. Activity 3 or 4 volunteers 3 or 4 volunteers Class, listen for how much of story they actually repeat correctly, or even mention! Class, listen for how much of story they actually repeat correctly, or even mention!

15. Activity A farmer in western Kansas put a tin roof on his barn. Then a small tornado blew the roof off, and when the farmer found it 2 counties away it was twisted and mangled beyond repair. A friend and lawyer advised him that the Ford Motor Co would pay him a good price for the scrap tin, and the farmer decided he would ship the roof up to the company to see how much he could get for it.

16. He crated it up in a very big wooden box and sent it off to Dearborn, Michigan, marking it plainly with his return address so that the Ford Motor Company would know where to send the check. 12 weeks passed, and the farmer didn’t hear from Ford. Finally, he was just on the verge of writing them to find out what was the matter, when he received an envelope from them. It said, “We don’t know what hit your car mister, but we’ll have it fixed for you by the 15 th of next month.”

17. Listen For… Farmer Farmer Kansas Kansas Tin roof on barn Tin roof on barn Small tornado Small tornado 2 counties away 2 counties away Twisted Twisted Friend and lawyer Friend and lawyer Ford Motor Co. Ford Motor Co. Good price Good price Ship the roof Ship the roof Wooden box Wooden box Dearborn, Michigan Dearborn, Michigan Return Address Return Address 12 weeks 12 weeks Verge of writing Verge of writing Received envelope Received envelope Hit your car Hit your car 5 th next month 5 th next month

18. Recall What did people remember most? What did people remember most? Items at beginning and end of story… called serial position effect Items at beginning and end of story… called serial position effect

19. Serial Position Effect Remembering first and last items in list is easier than items in middle. Remembering first and last items in list is easier than items in middle. Primacy: Encode first by rehearsal Recency: Last are still in STM

20. Primacy-Recency Test Pet Pet Bread Bread Jail Jail Shirt Shirt Ottoman Ottoman Taxi Taxi Football Football Comb Comb Doll Doll Bed Bed Car Car Bridge Bridge Purse Purse Desk Desk Flower Flower Book Book

21. Primacy-Recency Test Pet Pet Bread Bread Jail Jail Shirt Shirt Ottoman Ottoman Taxi Taxi Football Football Comb Comb Doll Doll Bed Bed Car Car Bridge Bridge Purse Purse Desk Desk Flower Flower Book Book

22. Review Fill-In-Blank If we need to ___ info from LTM we can do one of three things. ___ is looking at info and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from the top of our head is ___. We must be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks which is ______. And finally, once we’ve learned something, we can go back after a period of time and ___ that info much more quickly. If we need to ___ info from LTM we can do one of three things. ___ is looking at info and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from the top of our head is ___. We must be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks which is ______. And finally, once we’ve learned something, we can go back after a period of time and ___ that info much more quickly.

23. Review Fill-In-Blank If we need to retrieve that info, or get it out, we can do one of three things. Recognition is looking at info and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from the top of our head is recall. We must be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks which is confabulation. And finally, once we’ve learned something, we can go back after a period of time and relearn that info much more quickly. If we need to retrieve that info, or get it out, we can do one of three things. Recognition is looking at info and deciding it its familiar or unfamiliar to us. Reconstructing the info from the top of our head is recall. We must be careful not to falsely fill in the blanks which is confabulation. And finally, once we’ve learned something, we can go back after a period of time and relearn that info much more quickly.

24. Random Retrieval Phenomena Déjà vu Déjà vu “Seen before” “Seen before” Current event provokes similar retrieval cues, but you haven’t done it. Current event provokes similar retrieval cues, but you haven’t done it. Jamais Vu Jamais Vu “Never before” “Never before” Event doesn’t match earlier encoded clues, but know you’ve done it Event doesn’t match earlier encoded clues, but know you’ve done it

25. Random Retrieval Phenomena Tip of the Tongue Tip of the Tongue Try to retrieve familiar piece of info but can’t quite do it Try to retrieve familiar piece of info but can’t quite do it Blocking Theory Blocking Theory Partial Activation Partial Activation

26. Random Retrieval Phenomenon “I Froze” “I Froze” Stress hormones inhibit hippocampus Cognitive function and LTM retrieval fail

27. Random Retrieval Phenomena Priming- Priming- Preparing networks to remember... Preparing networks to remember... Hte plpae si edr Hte plpae si edr Grandma is buying an apple. Grandma is buying an apple. Hte plpae si edr. Hte plpae si edr. The apple is red The apple is red

28. Forgetting What is it? What is it? Loss of info over time Loss of info over time Hermann Ebbinghaus Hermann Ebbinghaus

29. Why do we forget things? Simple Reasons: Simple Reasons: Not encoded/stored in first place Not encoded/stored in first place Retrieval failure Retrieval failure Decay/fade over time Decay/fade over time Don’t want to remember (repression) Don’t want to remember (repression) Something gets in the way (interference theory) Something gets in the way (interference theory) Injury/Trauma (Amnesia) Injury/Trauma (Amnesia)

30. Why do we forget over time? Interference Theory Interference Theory People forget info because other learned info interferes. Proactive: Old info interferes with new learning Retroactive: New info makes people forget old info

31. Memory Impairment: Amnesias Organic Amnesia Organic Amnesia Physical trauma to brain structure. Physical trauma to brain structure. Anterograde: Can’t recall event after injury Anterograde: Can’t recall event after injury Retrograde: Can’t recall events that occurred before Retrograde: Can’t recall events that occurred before

32. Memory Impairment: Amnesias Functional Amnesia Functional Amnesia Due to psychological trauma Psychogenic amnesia Dissociative Fugue: Forget “selves” for a time…identity, life, etc

33. Memory Impairment: Amnesias Infantile Amnesia Infantile Amnesia Remember very little about 1 st years of life Why? Structure Language Memories: 3/4 th birthday Narrative 7yrs

34. Closure Identify two reasons why we forget information: Never stored, Poor retrieval, Decay, Interference, Repression, Amnesia