1. Management Theories

2. Overview Know the history of management before the modern era
Know the classical contributions to modern management
Late 1800’s Weaving Shed
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3. Quick Write
Do you know someone who isn’t called a manager but who works like one? Explain.
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4. History of Management Before the Modern Era
Frederick Taylor
Michelangelo
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Adapted from Fundamentals of Management, 5th Ed. By Robbins/DeCenzo, p. .17
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005
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5. Adam Smith
Division of labor—the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks
Workers become very skilled at the one task they are doing
Saves time because workers are not moving from one task to the next
Helped pave the way for mechanization of work
Led to automation and computerization
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6. The Industrial Revolution
The advent of machine power, mass production, and efficient transportation, which began in Britain in the late eighteenth century
Watt Steam Engine
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7. The Industrial Revolution
Machine Power
Mass Production
Relatively Cheap Transportation
Lack of Governmental Regulation
Large Organizations
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8. The Industrial Revolution
John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil
Andrew Carnegie – Carnegie Steel
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Taken from Wikipedia.com

9. The Industrial Revolution
Large Labor Forces
New-Style Corporations
Formal Structures
Formal Management Practices
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10. What Do You Think?
What are some examples of large, modern corporations?
How are these organizations organized?
What kind of departments do these organizations have?
How does this relate to Adam Smith’s theory of the division of labor?
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11. Classical Contributions to Modern Management
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12. Frederick Taylor
Published The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911
Used the scientific method to determine the “one best way” to do a job, and to train workers to do it that way
Demonstrated to workers and managers that both would benefit by improved production efficiency
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13. Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
Students of Frederick Taylor
Studied work arrangements to eliminate wasteful hand and body motions
Examined the design and use of tools and equipment to determine how these could contribute to work performance
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14. Henry Gantt
Devised a bonus system that gave workers extra money if they finished their work in less time than the standard
Studied the efficiency of managers and workers
Created the Gantt chart ~ a graphic device managers use to plan and control work
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15. A Gantt Chart 1 2 3 4 Copy/edit manuscript Design sample pages
Copy/edit manuscript
Design sample pages
Draw Artwork
Print Galley Proofs
Print Page Proofs
Design Cover
Adapted from Fundamentals of Management, 5th Ed. By Robbins/DeCenzo, p. 474 Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005
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16. Why Scientific Management?
Productivity was low in the world of work in the early twentieth century
Better productivity by manual laborers could make a real difference
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17. Henri Fayol Designated management as a universal set of activities
Looked at the activities of all kinds of managers
Wrote from personal experience as a manager
Stated 14 principles of management—fundamental or universal truths of management practice
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18. Fayol’s 14 Principles Divison of work
Authority of managers to give orders
Discipline of employees
Unity of command
Unity of direction
Subordination of individual interests to the general interest
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19. Fayol’s 14 Principles Remuneration of workers
Centralization of decision-making
Scalar Chain ~ authority from top to bottom
Order of people and materials
Equity of treatment
Stability of tenure of personnel
Initiative of employees encouraged
Esprit de Corps
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20. Max Weber
Described bureaucracy ~ an ideal type of organization with a division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships
Model of the way work could be done in large groups
Model used in many large organizations today
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21. Today’s Applications
Matching people to jobs and training workers to be more effective are ideas Taylor introduced
Industrial engineering, which is all about the details of processes, is a field with its roots in scientific management
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22. Today’s Applications
Football coach who shows his team the tapes of last week’s game to get them to do better next week is picking up on an idea the Gilbreths introduced
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23. What Do You Think?
What are some examples of the division of labor, scientific management, or bureaucracy that we see at work in the Air Force or in our Air Force JROTC unit?
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24. Review
Adam Smith introduced the concept of division of labor—the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks
One of the most important developments influencing management practice before the twentieth century was the Industrial Revolution—the advent of machine power, mass production, and efficient transportation, which began in Britain in the late eighteenth century
Modern management theory began with a group of managers and writers who tried to come up with some basic principles for companies to follow to work more efficiently
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25. Review
The classical approach to management introduced the ideas of the scientific management theorists and the general administrative theorists
General administrative theorists—writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what good management practice is—were concerned with the overall organization and how to make it more effective
Frederick Taylor described the theory of scientific management—the use of the scientific method to determine the “one best way” to do a job, and to train workers to do it that way
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26. Review
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth studied work arrangements to eliminate wasteful hand and body motions and the design and use of tools and equipment to determine how these could contribute to work performance
Henry L. Gantt devised a bonus system that gave workers extra money if they finished their work in less time than the standard
Scientific theory got so much attention because productivity was low in the world of work in the early twentieth century and better productivity could make a real economic difference
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27. Review
Henri Fayol stated 14 principles of management—fundamental or universal truths of management practice
Max Weber described what he called a bureaucracy—an ideal type of organization with a division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships
The football coach who shows his team the tapes of last week’s game to get them to do better next week is picking up on an idea introduced by the classical approach to management
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28. Summary Management before the modern era
Classical contributions to modern management
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29. Management Approaches
What’s Next…
Management Approaches
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