1. Chapter 13
The Great War

2. Section 1
The Stage is Set for War

3. Causes of WWI Rise of Nationalism
Caused a rivalry among Europe’s great powers
Competition for materials and markets
Territorial disputes

4. Causes of WWI Imperialism
Quest for colonies pushed nations on the brink of war
Competed for overseas empires
Sense of rivalry and distrust deepened

5. Causes of WWI Militarism Increase of an European arms race
Needed a powerful military
Large standing armies
Militarism: glorifying military and keeping an army prepared for war

6. Causes of WWI Alliances Bismark formed the Dual Alliance
Between Germany and Austria-Hungary
Italy later joined
Triple Alliance
Bismark also made a treaty with Russia

7. Causes of WWI Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismark to resign
Did not want to share power
Let Germany’s treaty with Russia lapse
Russia responded by forming an alliance with France

8. Causes of WWI Wilhelm began a large ship building program
Wanted to equal the British fleet
Great Britain formed an entente with France

9.     Triple Alliance, 1914.     Triple Entente, 1914.

10. Crisis in the Balkans Powder Keg of Europe
Freed themselves from the Ottoman Empire
Formed the nations of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia

11. Crisis in the Balkans Nationalism was powerful in this area
Each group wanted to extend its borders
Serbia hoped to absorb all of the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula

12. Crisis in the Balkans Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
Both areas with large Slavic population
Serbian leaders were outraged

13. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia)
Shot by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand
Secret society committed to riding Bosnia of Austrian rule

14. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
                                             

15. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie

16. Gavrilo Princip

17. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Austria used the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia
Presented them with an ultimatum
Refusing the ultimatum would lead to war

18. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Serbian leaders agreed to most of the demands
Offered to have other settled by an international conference
Austria did not want to negotiate
July 28, 1914 – Austria declares war on Serbia

19. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe
Russia was an ally of Serbia
Russian leaders moved troops toward the Austrian border
Other nations urged Austria and Russia to negotiate
It was too late

20. Section 2
War Consumes Europe

21. The Great War Begins Russia sent troops to the Austrian border
Russia expected Germany to join the war because Germany was allied with Austria
Russia also sent troops toward the German border

22. The Great War Begins
Russia’s mobilization toward Germany was considered a declaration of war
August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia
Two days later, Germany declared war on France
Great Britain then declared war on Germany

23. Nations Take Sides
Central Powers: Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy

24. World War I Europe

25. Stalemate War turned into a long and bloody deadlock
Western Front: region in northern France where the fighting was occurring

26. The Western Front

27. Schlieffen Plan German battle strategy
Called for attacking France in the west and then fighting Russia in the east
Needed a quick victory in France

28. Schlieffen Plan

29. Schlieffen Plan Battle of Marne was won by the Allies
Single most important event of the war
Ruined the Schlieffen Plan
Germany would have to fight on two fronts

30. War in the Trenches
Trench warfare: miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire
Fought each other from the trenches

31. War in the Trenches Life in the trenches was misery Swarmed with rats
Fresh food was nonexistent
Sleep was nearly impossible
Western Front stretched 500 miles

32. Life in the Trenches

33. Life in the Trenches

34. Life in the Trenches

35. Life in the Trenches

36. New Weapons of War Machine gun Poison gas Armored Tank Large artillery
Killed greater numbers of people more effectively

37. World War I Machine Gun

38. British Victims of Poison Gas

39. Early Gas Mask

40. Armored Tank

41. Battle on the Eastern Front
Stretch of battlefield along the German and French border
Russians and Serbs fought Germans and Austro-Hungarians

42. The Eastern Front

43. Russia Struggles By 1916, Russia’s effort was near collapse
Russia had yet fully industrialized
Army was short of food, clothes, boots and blankets
Allied supply shipments were limited

44. Russia Struggles Russia’s only asset was it numbers
Suffered enormous numbers of battles losses
Could use enormous population to regroup

45. Section 3
War Affects the World

46. The Gallipoli Campaign
The Allies wanted to secure a region of the Ottoman Empire
The Dardanelle
By securing this area, the Allies could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia

47. The Gallipoli Campaign
Campaign began in February 1915
Turned into another stalemate
Allies gave up the campaign and began to evacuate
Suffered 250,000 casualties

48. Battles in Asia and Africa
Germany’s colonial possessions came under assault
Japanese troops invaded China
English and French invaded Africa
British and French recruited subjects in their colonies to fight

49. America Joins the Fight
Germans announced a policy called unrestricted submarine warfare
Would sink without warning any ship around Great Britain

50. America Joins the Fight
Sunk the British passenger ship, The Lusitania
Killed 128 American citizens
President Wilson sent a protest to Germany
Germany had agreed to not attack neutral and passenger ships (Sussex Pledge)

51. America Joins the Fight
Returned to unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917
Knew it might lead to war with the U.S.
Germany sank three American ships

52. America Joins the Fight
Intercepted telegram from Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign secretary
Germany would help Mexico gain the land it has lost to the U.S. if Mexico would ally with Germany

53. America Joins the Fight
The Zimmerman note was the last straw
President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany
U.S. joined the Allies

54. War Affects the Home Front
WWI was a total war
Countries devoted all their resources to the war effort
Government took control of the economy
Told factories what to produce

55. War Affects the Home Front
All able bodies people were put to work
Goods were in short supply
Rationing: people could buy only a small amount of those items needed for the war effort

56. War Affects the Home Front
Suppressed anti war activity
Used propaganda: one sided information designed to persuade or keep up moral and support for the war (Propaganda SlideShow)

57. Women and the War
Thousands of women replaced men in the factories, offices and shops
Built tanks and ammunition
Plowed fields, paved streets
Kept the troops well supplied

58. Russia Withdraws March 1917, Czar Nicholas is forced to resign
Replaced by a provisional government
Pledged to continue fighting in the war

59. Russia Withdraws November 1917 – Lenin seizes power in Russia
Insists on ending Russia’s involvement in the war
Signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ends the war between Russia and Germany

60. The Central Powers Collapse
Germany could now concentrate on the Western Front
Mounted a massive attack and victory seemed within reach
The Allies launch a counterattack
The Allies began heading toward Germany

61. The Central Powers Collapse
Bulgarians and the Turks surrendered
Revolution occurred in Austria Hungary
The German soldiers mutinied, and the public turned on the Kaiser

62. The Central Powers Collapse
November 9, 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down
Germany declared itself a republic
Signed an armistice: an agreement to stop fighting
November 11, WWI ends

63. Legacy of the war New kind of war War on a global scale
8.5 million soldiers died
21 million were wounded
Countless civilians dead

64. Legacy of the war Devastating economic impact
Trained the treasuries of countries
War cost $338 billion
Destroyed land, villages and towns

65. Section 4
A Flawed Peace

66. Allies Meet and Debate
January 1919, a conference to establish the terms of peace began at Versailles
The major decisions were made by the Big Four – U.S., Great Britain, France and Italy
Germany and Russia were not invited

67. Wilson’s Peace Plan
President Wilson drew up a series of peace proposals
Fourteen Points
Outlined a plan for just and lasting peace

68. Points 1-5 End of secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free trade
Reduced armies and navies
Adjustment of colonial claims

69. Points 6-13
Specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations
Self determination: allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

70. 14th Point Proposed a general association of nations
Would protect great and small states alike
Could peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts

71. The Versailles Treaty Between Germany and the Allied nations
Signed June 28, 1919
Created a League of Nations
International association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

72. The Versailles Treaty Treaty also punished Germany
Lost substantial territory
Restrictions placed on military
Article 231: War guilt clause
Germany is solely responsible
Pay reparations to the Allies

73. Other Treaties
Western powers signed separate treaties with Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Led to huge land losses
Several new countries were formed

74. Russia after the war Suffered land losses
Romania and Poland gained Russian territory
Many new independent nations formed

75. A Peace Built on Quicksand
Treaty did little to build lasting peace
U.S. rejected the treaty
Many Americans objected to the League of Nations
Wanted to stay out of European affairs

76. A Peace Built on Quicksand
Left a legacy of bitterness in the German people
Other countries felt cheated with the peace settlement
Colonized people were angry with the disregard of the independence

77. A Peace Built on Quicksand
Some Allies were bitter as well
Italy and Japan both gained less land than they had wanted
The League of Nations was in no position to take action on any of these complaints