1. Partner Up! Find a new partner within your table! As you read their essay, look for: Coherency – Does it make sense?? Find the thesis and note effectiveness Highlight at least TWO things that need improvement in the paper.

2. Transatlantic Slave Trade and Racist Ideologies Please copy down only the words in RED You should paraphrase the rest.

3. Ancient World Civilizations Assyria Babylonia China Egypt India Persia Mesopotamia Slavery was a universal institution in the ancient world but it was a dominant labor force only in a small number of societies. First true slave society - Ancient Greece (6th to 4th Century)

4. Old World vs. New World Slavery Classical world and medieval slavery was not based on racial distinctions. Ancient world did not necessarily view slavery as a permanent condition. Slaves did not necessarily hold the lowest status in early civilizations. Slaves in the old world often were symbols of prestige, luxury and power (true even in the new world prior to European Colonization).

5. Why was Africa vulnerable to the Slave Trade? Political Fragmentation Sailing Routes Availability of People (high birth rate) Civilizations and Skills (metalworking, farming, herding) No diplomatic repercussions.

6. Why not others? Disease Knowledge of terrain Different Agricultural Skills Supply deficit Nation American women worked - not men!

7. Countries Participating Britain Denmark France Holland Portugal Spain Norway

8. Why did European powers eventually turn to African labor? Labor supply was insufficient. Epidemics reduced the native population by 50% - 90%. Evidence of the beginnings of racist sentiments. Racism was a consequence of racial slavery, as well as a cause. In English colonies the supply of indentured servants decreased.

9. Geography of Slavery Enslaved Africans mostly came from the area stretching from the Senegal River in Africa to Angola. Europeans divided the area into five regions: Upper Guinea Coast Ivory Coast Lower Guinea Coast Gabon Angola

10. Regional Divisions in Africa Upper Guinea Coast (bound by the Senegal and Gambia Rivers) Ivory Coast (Central Liberia) Lower Guinea Coast (Divided into the Gold Coast on the west, the Slave Coast and Benin) Gabon Angola

11. Two main patterns of Triangular Trade Rum from New England to West Africa Slaves to sugar islands Molasses home to the New England distilleries Manufactured goods from England to Africa Goods exchanged for slaves taken to West Indies. Profits used to purchase sugar (and other goods) for England.

12. Middle Passage Origins of the Infamous Middle Passage The middle leg of a three part voyage. Began and ended in Europe. Carried cargo of iron, cloth, brandy, firearms, gunpowder Lnded on Africa’s Slave Coast and exchanged cargo for Africans Set sail for the Americas, where slaves were exchanged for sugar, tobacco, mlasses. Final brought the ship back to Europe.

13. Middle Passage 1600 - 1850’s The Capture Approx. 60 forts build along the west coast of Africa. Walked in slave caravans to the forts some 1000 miles away. Selected by the Europeans and branded. One half survived the death march. Place in underground dungeons until they were boarded on ships.

14. Middle Passage Statistics 10-16 million Africans forcibly transported across the Atlantic from 1500-1900. 2 million died during the Middle Passage (10-15%) Another 15-30% dies during the march to the coast. For every 100 slaves that reached the New World, another 40 died in Africa or during the Middle Passage.

15. Middle Passage Conditions on Board the Ship Slaves chained together and crammed into spaces sometimes less than five feet high. Slavers packed three of four hundred Africans into the ship cargo holds. Little ventilation, human waste, horrific odors. Unclean.

16. British Slave Ship

17. Middle Passage Tight packing - belly to back, chained in twos, wrist to ankle (660+), naked. Loose packing - shoulder to shoulder chained wrist to wrist or ankle to ankle. Men and woman separated (men placed towards bow, women toward stern). Fed once of twice a day and brought on deck for limited times.

18. Tight Packing

19. Middle Passage Journey lasted 6-8 weeks. Due to high mortality rate, cargo was insured (reimbursed for drowning accidents but not for deaths from disease of sickness) Common to dump your cargo for sickness or food shortages. Slave mutinies on board ships were common (1 out of every 10 voyages across the Atlantic experience a revolt). Covert resistance (attempted suicide, jumped overboard, refusal to eat).

20. Destination of Captives Caribbean 40% Brazil40% Latin America10% British North America 10%

21. Growth of African American Population 18201.77 million13% free 18302.33 million14% free 18402.87 million13% free 18503.69 million12% free 18604.44 million11% free

22. Slave Exports and Profits Early 18th Century - 36,000 per year During 1780’s - 80,000 per year Between 1740-1810 - 60,000 captives/year on average. 17th Century - slave sold in the Americas for about $150\ Slave trade illegal in Britain in 1807, US 1808, France 1831, Spain 1834. Once declared illegal prices went much higher. 1850s prime field hand $1200 - $1500 (about $18,00 in 1997 dollars).

23. Slave Resistance: Passive and Active Resistance Breaking tools Faking illness Staging slowdowns Committing acts of arson and sabotage Running Away Underground Railroad

24. How did slavery differ from indentured servitude? Indentured ServitudeSlavery Contracted Time PeriodFor life/freedom was not contractual. Could be bought, sold, or leased. Could be punished by whipping. Were allowed to own property. Not property owners.

26. Did racism already exist? It is clear that among the British there was always a sense of prejudice against blacks, equating their skin color with demons, and their rumored nakedness with emboldened sexuality. Ethnocentrism was (and is) common: the tendency to discriminate against the stranger, the alien, the physically different.

27. Racism and Slavery Racism: the doctrine that man’s behavior is determined by stable inherited characters deriving from separate racial stocks and usually considered to stand to one another in relations of superiority and inferiority. Two kinds: Explicit and implicit racism

28. Race and North America During the late 1600s, there is nothing in the evidence which shows an explicit form of racism: there were free blacks, who themselves owned slaves and land. There may have even been some interracial marriage. A catalytic agent is necessary for deepened cleavages to appear in a society: FEAR.

29. Race and Economics The de jure interpretation of life-long slavery was not made until 1723: first laws passed limiting free blacks’ rights. This coincided with the transformation of the South into a slave plantation economy. Key is the Capitalist view of society: individuals in competition. Coupled with many Europeans’ views on equality and rights, it was a natural progression for a mythos of inferiority to take hold amongst Whites who may have been economically inferior.

30. Comparison of Slavery in the Americas North AmericaLatin America No Legal Protection Cruel Punishments Slaves were sold apart “Better” diet, housing, medical careHad to produce their own food, higher death rates, low proportion of women. Half of all slaves worked on plantations with 20 or fewer slaves. Up to 500 slaves on a plantation. Slave owners live on plantationAbsentee ownership common. Two-category system of racial categorization Wide range of racial gradations (Spanish/.Portuuese Slavery depended on the loyalty of non slaveholding whiles. 3/4 owned no slaves

31. Undermining Ethnic Identities Slaveholders recognized no interpersonal attachments among slaves Slaves bought and sold in “lots”, and such a market system dispersed slaves in multiethnic groups. Slaveholders understood that slaves had heartache and outrage, and might rebel To quell cooperative rebellions, they worked hard to destroy African ethnic identities and culture that might foster cooperation.

32. The development of American Racism… It was not until the mid-1800s that a consciously explicit racism took hold amongst the South IN RESPONSE to calls from the North for the end of slavery on MORAL GROUNDS. Sources: “The Arrogance of Slavery” by George M. Frederickson