Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byJakobe Darke Modified over 9 years ago
1
Liberalism Challenged via Foreign Policies SOC 30 Readings: Chap 7 Pages 232-248
2
Post WWII International Relations Yalta Accords Bretton-Woods Agreement Containment Expansionism Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan The Iron Curtain Descends Berlin Divided Summary
3
A Chilling Prediction …there will emerge two centers of world significance: a socialist center, drawing to itself the countries that incline towards socialism, and a capitalist center, drawing to itself the countries that incline towards capitalism. Battle between these two centers for command of the world economy will decide the fate of capitalism and of communism in the entire world. ~Josef Stalin, 1927
4
Feb 1945 Yalta Accords in USSR May 1945 Germany surrenders Berlin divided July 1945 Potsdam Conference War w/ Japan Aug 1945 Atomic bombs Soviet Paranoia End of WWII Timeline You can see page 236 in your textbook as well
5
Changing Leadership USSR: -1953: Stalin 1953-55: Malenkov 1955-1964: Khrushchev 1964-1982: Brezhnev USA: -1945: F.D. Roosevelt 1945-1953: Harry Truman 1953-1961: Eisenhower 1961-1963: Kennedy 1963-1969: Johnson 1969-1974: Nixon 1974-1977: Ford 1977-1981: Carter 1981-1989: Reagan Britain: 1940-1945: Churchill 1945-1951: Attlee 1951-1955: Churchill 1955-1957: Eden 1957-1963: Macmillan 1963-1964: Douglas- Home 1964-1970: Wilson
6
Meeting between Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt WWII is drawing to a close Plan their remaining actions Redraw the map of Europe However, there was a fundamental ideological divide The Yalta Accords
7
Stalin: Ensure Soviet Union security Set up Communist- controlled governments in countries bordering the USSR Roosevelt: International security & economic prosperity depends on establishing democracies Capitalist economic actions & principles Churchill: Balance of power in Europe A defeated Germany = power vacuum Soviets might fill that vacuum (threatens British military interests)
8
Causes for Tension Postwar treatment of Germany Stalin: wanted reparations & a weakened Germany Allies: healthy German economy & unified Germany US aid to postwar Europe Strings attached which supported American ideals Stalin refused aid, even with 25 million homeless Soviets No common enemy for the USA and Soviet Union
9
Emerging Superpowers Europe devastated by ground and air forces in WWII Asia (Japan) devastated by war & atomic weaponry This leaves the USA and Soviet Union
10
The United Nations At Yalta, Roosevelt recognized the fraying seams of the alliance with Stalin He wanted to postpone the controversial issues Would be settled by an international body Ideally, this body could succeed where the League of Nations had failed But for the UN to be a success, both the USA and USSR had to participate
11
Bretton-Woods Agreement Team effort between American and European economists Establishes the American dollar as the world’s reserve currency Fixes exchange rates between its 42 member countries Creates two international organizations International Monetary Fund – ensure economic stability World Bank – encourage global development
12
Bretton-Woods Agreement Roosevelt’s goal: “…end the system of unilateral action, the exclusive alliances, the spheres of influence, the balances of power, and all the expedients that have been tried for centuries and have always failed” Stalin & Churchill’s goals: Believe in “…spheres of influence, the balances of power…” Armed force, not international organization, would shape the post-war world
13
Superpowers Begin to Clash Both the USA and the USSR aimed to enlarge their territorial and ideological influences beyond their country’s borders This is called Expansionism Accomplished through the establishment of spheres of influence Ultimately, both superpowers feared each other and attempted to thwart each other’s expansionism alternative means This is called Containment
14
Spheres of Influence
15
Truman Doctrine An international relations policy set forth by Harry Truman in 1947 Represents the beginning of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion The USA lent support to two nations: Greece Greek communists are fighting government forces. Being funded by Tito, a communist dictator in Yugoslavia $400 million lent Turkey $100 million lent
16
Marshall Plan
17
$13-17 billion lent to European countries Goal: Help countries recover from WWII Conditions: Balance budgets Stop inflation Stabilize exchange rates The Soviet Union rejected aid Although it was offered, how likely do you believe the USA would have lent money to a communist country?
18
The Iron Curtain “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest…all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow… ~Churchill, “Iron Curtain speech”, 1946
19
The Iron Curtain
20
Berlin Divided The city itself was divided into four occupation zones Note: it is 176 km within the Soviet controlled portion of Germany…
21
Berlin Divided West Berlin Capitalist pocket Eagerly accepts Marshall Plan East Berlin Communist Rejects Marshall Plan Stalin saw West Berlin as an unwelcome Capitalist intrusion
22
Berlin Airlift In 1948, Stalin blocked all road, rail, and transportation to West Berlin 2.1 million cut off from supplies An attempt to force the Western forces out of Berlin Western response: fly supplies to West Berliners At the height of the lift, flights were landing at the rate of 1 every 3 minutes!
23
Berlin Airlift Over a period of 11 months, the USA, Britain, and France supplied West Berliners with all they needed On May 12, 1949, Stalin finally lifted the blockade
24
Berlin Airlift: Legacy In the spring of 1948, Stalin began his campaign to force the Allied powers from Berlin. Hoping to bring the city under communist control, he tried to break the spirit of its people. On June 24, 1948, he imposed a blockade on Berlin. What Stalin failed to judge, however, was the will of Berliners to defy intimidation, and the resolve of the Allied forces to see them through. ~Warren Christopher US State Dispatch See any bias?...
25
Again, we see the divide… Allied Actions Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Anti-Soviet Alliance Soviet Actions Communist Information Bureau (ComInform) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon) Warsaw Pact Anti-Western Alliance
26
NATO Early form begun in 1948 Officially formed in 1949 Intergovernmental military alliance around the Atlantic Originally planned as a deterrent for communist expansion System of collective defense – member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by an external party
27
NATO Greatly expands the sphere of influence of Western Capitalism
28
Warsaw Pact Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Mutual defense pact between 8 communist states in central Europe Founded by the USSR in opposition to NATO, particularly the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 The Warsaw Pact was signed in 1955
29
Warsaw Pact Greatly solidifies the sphere of influence of Communism
30
Soviet Nuclear Bomb Both the USA and USSR researched hydrogen bombs The USA was a nuclear power But in 1949, the Soviet Union detonated their first hydrogen bomb The Soviet threat was now very real to the USA
31
The Stage Is Set By 1950, Europe was divided into two hostile military blocs, each dominated by a superpower in possession of a nuclear arsenal
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.