1. Mapping political regions Where do you draw the line? What natural and human factors must be considered? http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_jE_9LpnbmHU/R- nPQKGTU_I/AAAAAAAAAQQ/JR_cRcyNYX0/S1600-R/hand%2Bdrawn%2Bmaps.jpg

2. Sometimes only a frontier exists, an undefined boundary http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/MapSatellite/AntarcticStationsMap.gif g7530 ct001529 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g75 30.ct001529 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g75 30.ct001529 1979

3. physical boundaries http://www3.airlinesanddestinations.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/08/080116-cerrotronador-01.jpg Mountains – Argentina and Chile The Sahara Desert was an effective boundary between Libya and Chad until possible uranium deposits were discovered. Libya invaded in 1973 and the border was finally resolved in 1994.

4. water boundaries geometric boundaries http://geology.com/world/the-united-states-of-america-map.gif

5. Human Boundaries ethnic/tribal boundaries language boundaries religious boundaries http://www.leftyparent.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Many-Religions.jpg http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/jenshello2.gif http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~frans/BackGrounds/multiEthnicCrowdBG.gif

6. Sometimes boundaries are created physically on the land. This doesn’t always mean it will last! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/220px- Berlinermauer.jpg The Berlin Wall The U.S./Mexican border

7. Also consider… The Dutch mine a coal seam that runs under the boundary with Germany. An underground oil field extends between Iraq and Kuwait. Polluted air travels from one political space into another. Above ground boundaries also were important in 1983. A S. Korean plane was shot down and 269 lives lost because it strayed into Soviet airspace.

8. Peter Haggett, Geography: a Modern Synthesis, 3 rd ed., 1983, p.477, Harper & Row

9. Your turn… 1.You and your partner will receive 1 set of maps from those listed: a. climate/vegetation and annual precipitation b. population density and major religions c. major languages and ethnic core areas d. rivers and landforms 2. Your job is to divide your hypothetical land into political units, based on the information you have. 3. When you are satisfied with your results you will collaborate with another group that had different maps. 4.Again, create political boundaries that you can agree on. 5.Now you will join another group to reach consensus on a final map. Now you will have considered all known factors. 6.Select a representative to present your map to the class with your justification for the boundaries. 7.Using old transparencies or http://scribblemaps.com/ to create your maps.http://scribblemaps.com/

19. Congratulations! You have completed a very difficult task by dividing a mythical country into political units. Except that… it is a real country, Nigeria http://pmi.gov/assets/images/nigeria_map.gif

21. Nigeria has 36 states and 1 capital Federal Territory (Abuja) Nigeria has a population of 170,123,740 (July 2012 est.) Nigeria is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential ethnic groups: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, Traditional African Religion 10% (many Muslims and Christians may also follow Traditional African Religion along side their main faith)along side their main faith. http://dilemmaxdotnet.files.wordpress.com/20 12/06/nigeria-states.jpg?w=540

22. A lot of states for a country of this size! Map overlay created at www.overlapm aps.com www.overlapm aps.com

24. http://barenakedislam.com/2012/04/30/muslims-slaughtering-christians-in-nigeria-and-kenya-again/ Religious map of Nigeria

25. http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/files/2012/01/773px- Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png Population density of Nigeria

26. An Introduction to Human Geography by James M. Rubenstein, p.250

27. So how were the borders within Africa created, and for Nigeria in particular? http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct001445/ 1725 Note: Library of Congress maps are scalable. Click on the link on each slide for more detail.

28. http://www.africafederation.net/Berlin_1885.htm The Conference of Berlin 1884-85 to divide Africa

29. Africa, 1885 John Clark Ridpath LL. D., Cyclopedia of Universal History (Cincinnati, Ohio: Jones Brothers Publishing Co., 1885) Downloaded from Maps ETC, on the web at http://etc.usf.edu/maps [map #07820] 1885

30. http://www.loc.gov/item/99446110 1909 – Africa by treaty the “Scramble for Africa”

31. http://emeagwali.com/photos/biafra/nigerian-school-children-celebrating- national-independence-october-1-1960.jpg http://zulusofola.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Adeyemi-Zulu-Sofola- Nigerian-Independence-Day-1960.jpg http://www.stamps-for- sale.com/ekmps/shops/stewcoin/images/nigeria-1960-independence-sg- 86-fine-mint-20680-p.jpg

32. http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8841f.ct003018/seq-1 1962 – Nigeria administrative divisions

33. http://www.loc.gov/resource/g82 01e.ct001273/seq-1 1972 – The Times map of the tribes, peoples, & nations of modern Africa This map is particularly useful as it shows tribal groupings and current national boundaries. The complexity of Africa includes over 3000 tribes and 700 languages. Note: There is no agreed upon criteria for tribe, as a particular “tribe” may be ethnologically, linguistically, & culturally in different tribal groups.

34. Border Lesson extensions using Library of Congress resources India, Pakistan, and Kashmir http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010651238/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010651238/ photo http://www.loc.gov/item/2003625170http://www.loc.gov/item/2003625170 Kashmir map 2003 Israel and Palestine http://www.loc.gov/search/?q=Israel+and+Palestinehttp://www.loc.gov/search/?q=Israel+and+Palestine over 1400 results Saudi Arabia and its bordering countries http://www.loc.gov/item/2011585054 http://www.loc.gov/item/2011585054 1986 with Oman, Yemen, UAE http://www.loc.gov/item/2005631749http://www.loc.gov/item/2005631749 1979 with Oman, Yemen, UAE http://www.loc.gov/resource/g7601a.ct001335/http://www.loc.gov/resource/g7601a.ct001335/ with Kuwait http://www.loc.gov/resource/g7531f.ct000894/http://www.loc.gov/resource/g7531f.ct000894/ with Iraq and Kuwait 1991

35. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/09/weekinreview/ 09sudan-map.html Sudan http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world- africa-12115013 Includes multiple maps – excellent resource

36. Library of Congress maps used in this lesson ethno linguistic Africa1996http://www.loc.gov/item/96680239 relief2005http://www.loc.gov/item/2005631137 political2003http://www.loc.gov/item/2003629804 1976 bound./1952 affiliation1952/76http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct002639/seq-1 colonies and independents1908http://www.loc.gov/item/87692282 1952 affiliations/67 boundaries1952/67http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct002526/seq-1 admin divisions1966http://www.loc.gov/item/97687611 population density1979http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8201e.ct002483/seq-1 administrative divisions1950http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct002839/seq-1 administrative divisions1957http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct002499/seq-1 administrative divisions1965http://www.loc.gov/item/97687612 language map1883http://www.loc.gov/item/2005625334 administrative divisions1960http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct002494/seq-1 administrative divisions1959http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct002492/seq-1 admin with date of indep1962http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8200.ct003003/seq-1 administrative1725http://www.loc.gov/item/2005625330 map of Africa by treaty1909http://www.loc.gov/item/99446110 Times map people, etc.1972http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8201e.ct001273/seq-1 Nigeria1993http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8840.ct001170/seq-1 Nigeria - ethnic groups1961http://www.loc.gov/item/95682553 Nigeria -linguistic1967http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8841e.ct003187/seq-1 Nigeria - administrative1965http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8841f.ct003186/seq-1 Nigeria1932http://www.loc.gov/item/2010592720 Nigeria administrative1962http://www.loc.gov/resource/g8841f.ct003018/seq-1

37. other maps and references used in this lesson cultural regions http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/proje cts/MUN-BC/maps/culture-2000.jpg scroll down to maps http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/proje cts/MUN-BC/maps/mapindex.htm many pre & post colonial http://etc.usf.edu/maps/galleries/africa/complete/index. php Afr map 1885 188 5http://www.africafederation.net/Africa_Map_1885.pdf story of Berlin Congress 1885http://www.africafederation.net/Berlin_1885.htm incl Biafra maphttp://www.africafederation.net/Biafra.htm map Biafra and storyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/biafra