1. What kind of boundaries do you see?

2. Function/Purpose Keeping People IN Keeping People OUT
Mark limits of jurisdiction – symbol of SOVEREIGNTY
Promotes nationalism

3. Types of Boundaries Three types of boundaries
Geometric
Physical
Cultural
Best boundaries are those to which all affected states agree, regardless of the rationale used to draw the line
Geometric
Straight-line boundaries that do not related to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved
Ex. North/South Korea 38th parallel
Physical (or natural)
Separate territories according to natural features in the landscape, such as mountains, deserts, or rivers
Ex. France and Spain are divided by the Pyrenees

4. What types of boundaries do you see?

5. Types of Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Religious
Mark changes in the cultural landscape, such as boundaries that divide territories according to religion or language
Sometimes drawn according to geometric straight lines
Religious
Only a few cases where religion has been used to select the actual boundary line
Example:
South Asia, partition of India and Pakistan
Ireland and North Ireland
Language
Europe best example
Idea spread during 20th century
Versailles Conference

7. Cyprus “Green Line” Boundary
Contains two nationalities
Turkish= north, eastern
18% of population
Greek= south
78% of population
Cyprus gained independence in 1960
Constitution guaranteed Turkish minority rights
Cyprus never peacefully integrated the Greek and Turkish nationalities
Series of Coups led to Turkish section declaring itself independent in 1983
no one except Turkey recognizes independence
Wall constructed between two areas
Buffer zone patrolled by UN
Accepted to EU in 2004

8. Boundary Evolution Evolution Boundary Creation
Another way to classify boundaries depends not on how they were created, but how they evolved over time
Antecedent boundaries
Existed before humans cultures developed into current forms
Subsequent boundaries
Grow to divide space as result of human interaction
Superimposed boundaries
Forcibly put on the landscape
Relict boundary
No longer functions has a boundary
Boundary Creation
Several steps on the growth of boundaries into final form
Definition
Phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated
De Jure
De Facto
Delimitation
Is the step when the boundary’s definition is drawn onto a map
Demarcation
Is the visible marking of a boundary on the landscape with a fence, line, sign, wall, or other means
Administration
Is the enforcement by a government or people of the boundary that has been created

10. Boundary disputes Type of Disputes Territorial Disputes
Conflict because one state wants to annex a territory whose pop. is ethnically related to them
Definitional disputes
Fight over the language of border agreement in a treaty or contract
Japan and Russia
Locational /Positional disputes
Occur when conflicting parties agree on the definition but not on where the boundary exists on a map
Operational /Functional disputes
Conflicts over the way a boundary should operation or function
Allocational /Resource boundary disputes
Fights over resources that may by divided by the boundary
Conflicts over boundaries are divided into different categories
Can include mix of categories

11. Frontiers
Frontier:
Region where no state exercises complete and political control or boundaries are weakly developed
Antarctica
Saudi Arabia and Yemen
Tangible geographic area whereas a boundary is a infinitely thin, invisible, imaginary line
Frontier provides an area of separation but a boundary brings two neighbors into direct contact
A frontier area is uninhabited or sparsely settled by a few isolated pioneers
19th Century (1800s)
Vast amounts of frontiers
Australia
American West
Canadian North
Sub-Saharan Africa