1. Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura

2. Research Study Bandura et al. (1961) Video Clip

3. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
describe Social Learning Theory
apply Social Learning Theory to gender

4. Social Learning Theory
Key Terms
Observational Learning
Vicarious (Indirect) Reinforcement
Vicarious (Indirect) Punishment
Model
Imitation
Mental Representation (Cognition)
Graphic Organiser

5. Social Learning Stages
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

6. Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura added more factors to the SLT to explain the cognitive factors of role development...

7. Modelling What makes someone likely to copy what you are doing?
Appropriateness!
Males would imitate other males or someone with similar characteristics to them
Eg) Boys may learn a good deal about homemaking, but rarely adopt such activities (Bandura and Bussey, 1999)

8. How might children’s experiences change as they grow up?
As children grow up, their mobility improves. Their variety of social reactions increase!
This is known as:
ENACTIVE REPRESENTATION

9. Direct Tuition
Appropriate gender instructions begin as children acquire language.
“Instructors” can be parents or children. Anyone with an authority oh children
Can you remember any of your gendered instructions?

10. Can you remember the context/what was said?
Discussion
Can you remember anything/anyone that had an influence on your gender identity growing up?
Can you remember the context/what was said?
If you were rearing a child of your own, do you think you would influence their gender development?

11. The Influence of Parents
Parents are a primary socializing agent, especially when children are young
Starting at birth, parents treat girls and boys differently, and believe them to possess different characteristics

12. The Influence of Peers
Peers are important because they offer a model of gender-linked behaviours
(Bandura, 1999)
In their interactions, peers reward each other for gender appropriate activities and vice versa.
Boys are more likely to criticise activities considered feminine (Fagot, 1985)

13. The Influence of Schools
Teachers are another source of influence.
They can reinforce gender appropriate behaviour and act as role models themselves

14. Media Influences
Messages about gendered behavior and interactions are also conveyed through television, movies, magazines, and books
On average, each day a 4-year-old watches 2 hours of television and a 12-year-old watches 4 hours (Comstock and Scharrer, 2001)
Some European nations ban ads before, during, and after children’s television programming

15. Men are more likely to be seen controlling events, while women are at the mercy of them (Hodges et al, 1981)

16. Review
True - False

17. 1
Social learning theory explains how behaviour is learnt by observing others.

18. 2
A child is more likely to imitate the behaviour of a model who is younger than them.

19. 3
Vicarious reinforcement is when the child is directly rewarded for copying the models behaviour.

20. 4
Social learning theory fails to take into account the role of cognitive factors.

21. 5
Bandura further adapted the social role theory to explain gender development

22. 6
Social learning theory can explain how behaviour can be learnt without necessarily being performed.

23. 7
Enactive representation is when the variety of social reactions of children is increased through greater mobility

24. 8
Girls are more likely to imitate male models as males are generally more aggressive.

25. 9
Direct Tuition begins as children learn to write

26. 10
Children are more likely to show aggression if they observe someone being punished for aggressive behaviour.