1. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

2. Pope Gregory XIII, 1572. Engraving by Domenico Tibaldi after Bartolomeo Passarotti. London, British Museum.

3. Rembrandt (1606-1669), Dr Tulp’s Anatomy Lesson, 1632. The Hague, Mauritshuis.

4. Siege of the city of Hulst, 1645. Frederick Henry.

5. The Scientific Method

6. Galileo's sunspot drawings, 2 June-8 July 1612. Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solari e Loro Accidenti Rome, 1613. Click on the image for an animationfrom the Galileo Project. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Portrait by Ottavio Leoni, 1624. Florence, Biblioteca Marucelliana.

7. Francis Bacon (1561-1626). Portrait of by Frans Pourbus, 1617. Warsaw, Palace on the Water. René Descartes (1596-1650). Portrait by Frans Hals, ca 1649. Paris, Louvre. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473- 1543). Portrait of 1580 portrait. Toruń Old Town City Hall. Diagram of the solar system in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 1543.

8. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Portrait by Ottavio Leoni, 1624. Florence, Biblioteca Marucelliana. Isaac Newton (1642- OS 20 March 1726 / NS 31 March 1727). Portrait by Godfrey Kneller, 1689. Farleigh Hungerford, Farleigh House. Page of Newton’s notebook (Cambridge Digital Library)

9. The Salon of Madame Geoffin. Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier, 1755. Paris, Châteaux de Malmaison et Bois-Préeau. 1: Montesquieu (1689-1755), 2: Rousseau (1712-1778), 3: Diderot (1713-1784), 4: Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777), 5: bust of Voltaire (1694-1778).

10. Joseph II plowing the field near Slawikowitz in rural southern Moravia on 19 August 1769. Anonymous engraving, 1799.

11. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).