1. The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment

2. Old Ideas
The Church was the highest authority and taught scientific knowledge based on the Bible
Earth was center of the universe
Old ideas from medieval times were followed and anything different was challenged!

3. GOALS of the Scientific Revolution
Changes in ideas and thoughts
New way of learning about the natural world
No more depending on authority…use experiments and prove it yourself
ABOVE ALL – think in a LOGICAL, orderly way

4. The Scientific Revolution
Started in the mid-1500s, and lasted until the late 1600’s.
Discoveries were made in the following areas:
Astronomy
Scientific Method
Anatomy
Chemistry
Physics

5. Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish scholar, proposed a heliocentric model of the universe…HUH?
He said the sun was the center of the universe
Earth was round

6. Galileo Created the telescope to prove Copernicus was right
People attacked him because his ideas contradicted the church and he questioned all old ideas
He had to publicly denounce his ideas or die!
Excommunicated from the church and lived on house arrest

7. Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
This revolution brought about new thinkers, ideas, and a return to Greek and Roman ideas
Created investigations including the scientific method to prove how truth is determined… the ideas used in science and experiments

8. Improvements in Medicine and Chemistry
Study of human body and anatomy
improved
New ointments for infection, surgical techniques and instruments, and artificial
limbs
Others studied the circulation of the
blood and the heart
The microscope was invented and helped with new discoveries
There were many experiments with chemicals

9. Sir Isaac Newton Proved why the planets moved
He used math to prove his ideas of gravity
The universe was orderly and logical

10. The Scientific Revolution
Recap- The Scientific Revolution was a period of changing ideas about science and the scientific thinking process. Think logically and experiment to prove it!

11. The Enlightenment
A time period (1600s-1700s) when European philosophers developed new ways of thinking.
Insisted REASON could solve every social, political, and economic problem.

12. New beliefs…how will life change?
Ask difficult questions and search for the truth about how nature and human societies work
Reform society by using reason
Give all people freedoms/rights they deserve
Took place all over Europe, centered in Paris

13. Thomas Hobbes Englishman who published book about government.
People are born greedy and selfish and need a powerful government to make them behave well.
He taught government was a social contract. People gave up some freedom to gain an organized society.

14. John Locke Englishman who published book about governments
People are reasonable and will act orderly
People have natural rights
Life
Liberty, and
Property
A ruler’s job is to protect the rights of citizens
The best government is one with limited power.
If a government doesn’t do it’s job, the people have a duty to overthrow it.

15. Baron de Montesquieu
Frenchman who studied ancient Rome and other governments
Published a book in 1748 that said people in a needed to elect leaders who would serve the good of the community
Admired English government which has a Parliament to make laws, king to enforce laws, and courts to interpret laws. This is called separation of powers or checks and balances.

16. Jean Jacques Rousseau
French thinker who disagreed with Hobbes and Locke
He believed people are born good and civilizations make them bad.
Peasants are as good as kings and nobles and no one deserves special privileges. All humans are equal.

17. Voltaire French writer, philosopher, and historian
Wrote poetry and plays criticizing the wealth and privileges of the kings and nobility
He was jailed twice but never gave up
Defended a person’s right to think and to say anything…”I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Supported freedom of religion, speech, press for everyone and that governments had to respect these rights

18. The Enlightenment
Recap- A long period of changing philosophical thought that brought about increased human rights and freedoms that impacted society, government, and laws to this day.