1. Scientific Revolution  Ptolemeic geocentricism challenged by new mathematical models  Scientists sought laws in nature to explain the movements in the heavens & on Earth.  Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) used mathematics to prove a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos  Johannes Kepler (1571- 1630)

2. Galileo Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) improved the telescope to view heavenly bodies more clearly. “And yet it moves” was Galileo’s response to traditionalists 1616 – Inquisition authorities condemned Copernicus’ theory. 1633 – Publishes Dialogue on the Great World Systems: Galileo put on trial by the Inquisition. Galileo recants

3. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)  Newton develops theory of gravity, invents calculus (simultaneously with Leibnitz)  After Newton, people could conceive of a universe without a God.

4. Scientific Revolution, con’t. Bacon (1561-1625)—Inductive Method Bacon (1561-1625)—Inductive Method Descartes (1596-1650)—Deductive Method Descartes (1596-1650)—Deductive Method Newton (1642-1727) —Theory of Gravity Newton (1642-1727) —Theory of Gravity –A body moves in a straight line unless impeded –Every Action has equal and opposite reaction –Every body attracts every other body with a force proportional to the distance between Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1626) Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1626) French Royal Academy of Science (1666) French Royal Academy of Science (1666) International Community of Scholars International Community of Scholars

5. Significance of Scientific Revolution Newton’s idea: Universe as a Great Clock with God as Clockmaker Alexander Pope— “Nature and Nature laws lay hid in night; God said, ‘let Newton be’ and all was light” Insistence on Reason and Logic Human Reason as a Source of Knowledge Prelude to the Enlightenment

6. Enlightenment Voltaire (1694-1778) An intellectual movement that applied the insights of the Scientific Revolution to the wider world: to politics, to religion, and to art. It hoped to remake society in accordance with the values of reason, toleration, and natural law.Philosophes Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Smith

7. Ancien Regime: A reminder Characteristics Political: absolutism Political: absolutism Economics: mercantilism Economics: mercantilism Social Structure: hierarchical Social Structure: hierarchical Religion: established churches Religion: established churches

8. What is the Enlightenment? 18 th Century “Age of Reason” An Intellectual movement Began in Paris, spread throughout Europe A time of questioning established and traditional institutions

9. Terms Reason and rationality Philosophes Republic of Letters Idea of progress Salons and Coffeehouses Voltaire and Toleration Diderot and Natural Law Rousseau and General Will

10. Enlightenment venues Salons Academies Masonic lodges Newspapers Coffee houses “Public opinion” Forbidden literature An 18 th Century English Coffee House

11. Who where the leaders of this Intellectual Movement? The intellectuals were known by the French term philosophes The intellectuals were known by the French term philosophes They were literary people They were literary people Came from both nobility and the middle class Came from both nobility and the middle class The French philosophes influenced intellectuals and created a movement that affected the entire western world including the colonies in America The French philosophes influenced intellectuals and created a movement that affected the entire western world including the colonies in America The nation of philosophes called “Republic of Letters” was an informal international intellectual community The nation of philosophes called “Republic of Letters” was an informal international intellectual community

12. Anicet Charles Lemonnier, Madame Geoffrin‘s Salon in 1755 (1812) Franz Anton Mesmer magnetizing a distraught patient, ca. 1760

13. What were the Philosophes trying to accomplish? By using reason without revelation a perfect society could be created that leads to progress and human happiness By using reason without revelation a perfect society could be created that leads to progress and human happiness They believed that knowledge would lead to “enlightenment” or based on reason rather than superstition, bigotry or religious fanaticism They believed that knowledge would lead to “enlightenment” or based on reason rather than superstition, bigotry or religious fanaticism This is different than traditional thinking This is different than traditional thinking “All that is needed to be known, has already been discovered” (St. Augustine)

14. Literacy rates in 18 th Century England, Netherlands, France and German States was one-half to one-thirds of men and less than that for women But Royal censors banished books for various reasons including religious intoleration, threat of revolution and the censorship of “free thinkers” expressing their opinions regarding the state and government The Publishing Explosion

15. An 18 th Century Print Shop

16. The widespread influence of publishing on a literate society The widespread influence of publishing on a literate society Literacy rates in 18 th Century England, Netherlands, France and German States included one-half to one-third of all men and somewhat fewer women Literacy rates in 18 th Century England, Netherlands, France and German States included one-half to one-third of all men and somewhat fewer women Royal censors banished books for various reasons including religious intolerance, threat of revolution, and censorship of “free thinkers” expressing their opinions regarding the state and government. Royal censors banished books for various reasons including religious intolerance, threat of revolution, and censorship of “free thinkers” expressing their opinions regarding the state and government.

17. Diderot’s Encyclopedia (A Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades) More than 100 authors contributed to this 28 volume encyclopedia The ideas include all aspects of life: religion, government, astronomy, science Attempt to organize all human knowledge in one place.

18. What was the effect of the Enlightenment? Implications are revolutionary. Why? – –Because the philosophes argued that social progress and man’s freedom were constrained by social and political institutions (church and state) and did not reflect on humanity’s natural goodness – –Influenced the belief that man should be ruled by laws, not rulers – –Finally, thier belief in progress and man’s ability to solve problems

19. Montesquieu (1689-1755) Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu –Member of Bordeaux Parlement –Wrote Persian Letters (1721) –Spirit of the Laws (1748) –Believed the separation of powers in England was superior form of gov’t than absolutism

20. Voltaire (1694 –1778) Francois-Marie Arouet took the pen name of Voltaire Francois-Marie Arouet took the pen name of Voltaire Wrote Candide (1759) Wrote Candide (1759) Jean Calas affair (1763) Jean Calas affair (1763) Letters on the English (1778) Letters on the English (1778) Admired English form of gov’t. & hated religious intolerance Admired English form of gov’t. & hated religious intolerance

21. Denis Diderot (1713 –1784) Diderot’s Encyclopedia (A Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades) Diderot’s Encyclopedia (A Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades) More than 100 authors contributed to this 28 volume encyclopedia More than 100 authors contributed to this 28 volume encyclopedia The ideas include all aspects of life: religion, government, astronomy, science The ideas include all aspects of life: religion, government, astronomy, science Attempt to organize all human knowledge in one place. Attempt to organize all human knowledge in one place.

22. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 –1778) Born in Geneva, later lived in France Born in Geneva, later lived in France Most important works: Most important works: –Émile, or on Education (1762) –Social Contract (1762) –Confessions (1782) Political concept of the General Will Political concept of the General Will