1. Regional and Economic Differences

2. Another Revolution Affects America
New approaches such as interchangeable parts erode the value of artisans and workshops.
If you can purchase the same part to replace a broken one, you don’t need a skilled person to create a unique one.
Factories drive production now
Each person gets an individual task.
Makes mass production possible

3. Another Revolution Affects America
Brings about an industrial revolution
Social and economic reorganization that takes place.
Machines replace hand tools
Large-scale factory production developed
The revolution starts in Great Britain

4. Another Revolution Affects America
The Industrial Revolution in the U.S.
Primary source of income after the American Revolution is international trade
Such as trading grain and tobacco to Great Britain
The Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 push America toward developing domestic industry

5. Another Revolution Affects America
New England’s desire for industrialization was domestically the strongest desire of any region
Agriculture in the region is not highly profitable
Shipping and foreign trade is the primary source of income
Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1793) First successful mechanized textile factory.
Waltham, Mass. (1813) mechanized every part of manufacturing cloth.

6. Another Revolution Affects America
Many of the changes from the Industrial Revolution could be seen in Lowell Mass.
Lowell becomes a manufacturing boomtown.
Thousands of people (many women) flock to Lowell in search of work

7. A view inside a cotton mill in Lowell Massachusetts

8. A look at the mills in Lowell Mass. On the Merrimack River

9. Two Economic Systems Develop
Cash crops or (a crop grown for profit) did not take off in the North. Cash crops take off in the South.
The South has little motivation to industrialize.
The North has more motivation to industrialize.
Farming in the North is small-scale
Not reliant on much labor
Growing what the family needs
Little economic need for slavery by the late 1700s
Northerners also begin religious and political protests to slavery
By 1804 all northern states voluntarily abolish slavery

10. Two Economic Systems Develop
Cotton is King!
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin (cotton engine) in 1793 puts the South on a different course than the North.
Whitney’s cotton gin allows for the growth of short staple cotton as a cash crop
Heavy demand for cotton in the North and Great Britain
The cotton gin expands slavery.
Plantations get bigger and expand into Mississippi, Alabama and New Orleans.

11. Two Economic Systems Develop
Entrenching Slavery
By the 1820s the need for slaves increased.
From 1790 to 1810  Cotton production increased from 3,000 bales to 178,000
During the same period of time, slaves in the South increased from 700,000 to 1,200,000.
From 1619 to ,000 slaves were brought to the U.S.
From 1790 to ,000 slaves were brought to the U.S.

12. Two Divergent Economies
How can the United States bond these diverging economies?

13. Clay Proposes the American System
Madison proposes an agenda to attempt to unite the country
Develop transportation systems and other internal improvements
Establish a protective tariff
Resurrect the national bank (reduced by Jefferson)
Old critics of James Madison, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay support Madison’s proposal.
It is referred to as the American System.

14. Clay Proposes the American System
The American System explained:
The North would produce the manufactured goods that farmers in the South and West buy.
The South and West would produce the grain, meat, and cotton need in the North.
Create economic independence from Europe
Reliant on national road network and a national currency

15. Clay Proposes the American System
Erie Canal and other internal improvements
To bring different regions together economically strong communication and travel lines are necessary.
Railroads  Fast, able to cross most terrain, and can work in bad weather
Turnpikes  paid for through tolls by people traveling
Highways  funded by the Fed. Gov. similar to tolls except no toll

16. Clay Proposes the American System
Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements
National Road: started in 1811, by 1838 the new road extended from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois
Erie Canal (The Big Ditch): Completed by miles total, it took eight years to dig. Linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie (The Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes). Canal tolls paid for the construction within 12 years.
Other countries would follow the example and buld 3,000 miles of canal by 1837

17. Nationalism at Center Stage
Supreme Court Justice John Marshall
President John Quincy Adams

18. Supreme Court Boosts National Power
Gibbons Vs. Ogden: Aaron Ogden believes he has exclusive to run a steamship line between NY and NJ. The Supreme Court rules that no one can have “exclusive rights” since the steamship line crosses state boundaries.
Outcome: The federal government has the power to govern interstate commerce
Today this power gives the government the right to monitor radio waves, television, and cellular communications.

19. Supreme Court Boosts National Power
McCulloch vs. Maryland: Chief Justice John Marshall again guides the Supreme Court to a ruling to strengthen control of the government over the economy.
Overturned a state law in Maryland that taxed a local branch of the Bank of the U.S.
Outcome: National government supported over state governments

20. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
John Quincy Adams establishes foreign policy guided by nationalism.
Nationalism: A belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries.

21. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Territory and Boundaries
Adams works under President James Monroe to develop the following:
Adams prioritizes national safety and expansion
Works out a treaty with Great Britain to cut down on the fleets in the Great Lakes
Rush-Bagot Treaty: Demilitarizes the border between Canada and the U.S.
Convention of 1818: Fixes the 49th parallel from the Pacific to the Rocky Mountains as the border with Canada.

22. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Monroe Doctrine
Spain and Portugal want to reclaim old colonies after defeating Napoleon in 1815.
Russia is establishing trading posts in California
Poses a threat to trade with China
America felt something needed to be done

23. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe warns all outside powers not to get involved in the Western Hemisphere
No new colonies
Do not overthrow newly independent republics
The U.S. will avoid European affairs
The U.S. will avoid any existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere

24. Nationalism Pushes America West
Expansion to the West
Many settlers travel west as an escape
Debts
The law
Some settlers push west for economic gain
Land is plentiful and cheap
Easy to change occupations on the frontier

25. Nationalism Pushes America West
The Missouri Compromise
Need 60,000 in a territory for statehood
Missouri is seeking to apply for statehood but the issue of slavery gets in the way.
U.S. had 10 free and 10 slave states until 1818
Illinois then admitted as a free state
Alabama then admitted as a slave state
Missouri is perceived as the balance of power between slave and free

26. Nationalism Pushes America West
Slaveholders claim the North is attempting to end slavery.
Northerners accuse the South of a plot to extend slavery into new territories
Compromise: Maine to be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the Louisiana territory is split into two spheres. One is for slaveholders, one is for free settlers (“36” “30” North Latitude).

27. Nationalism Pushes America West
Thomas Jefferson on slavery and the Missouri Compromise,
“ This momentous questions, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the union. It is hushed, indeed for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence.”

28. The New United States