1. Chapter 26: The Cold War

2. Clash of Interests Soviet Union America Concerned about security
Wanted Germany to be weak
Suspicious of capitalistic nations
America
Wanted economic growth
Promote democracy
Free Enterprise system (private property and limited gov)

4. Yalta Conference Plan for post-war world Plan for Poland:
Polish Dem. gov. vs. Polish communist government
U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.
Free leaders recognize Polish gov. set up by Russia with prior Polish leaders
Declaration of Liberated Europe
People will choose the form of government under which they will live

5. Dividing Germany Germany divided into 4 zones
G.B., U.S., France and Russia get a zone
Berlin divided among the 4 countries

6. Potsdam Conference
Truman and Stalin meet at Potsdam to work out a deal on Germany
Truman concerned about German industry
Stalin wanted Germany’s reparations
Truman vs. Stalin:
Truman wants Stalin to take reparations from the Soviet Zone – Stalin hates this!!!
Truman gives Stalin industrial equipment & threatens US has atom bomb
TENSIONS ARISE!!!

7. Containing Communism George Kennan
Explains Soviet behavior
Sends the long telegram – 5,540 word message
Soviets insecure with West – no agreements with Americans
Long Telegram secures idea of Containment

8. Crisis In Iran During WWII After WWII American troops in Southern Iran
Soviets in Northern Iran
Issues over securing oil supply lines
After WWII
Soviets refuse to withdraw from Japan
Stalin helps Iranians in North form a Communist government

9. Truman Doctrine (1947) Soviets focusing on Turkey
Dean Acheson (pres. Advisor) tells Truman Soviets need to see American force
March 12, 1947 Truman Doctrine
$400 million to fight communists in Greece and Turkey
Goal was to aid free peoples resisting Communism
Pledged the US to fight Communism worldwide

10. Marshall Plan Postwar Europe in economic problems
Marshall Plan would provide economic recovery
Provided billions for supplies, machinery, and food into Western Europe
PREVENTED COMMUNISM FROM SPREADING!!!

12. Crisis in Berlin Western Europe’s prosperity depended on Germany
Soviets trying to undermine Germany’s economy
Democratic countries join zones to allow Germans to have their own gov.
West Germany – Democratic
East Germany – Russia

14. Berlin Air Lift
Splitting Germany = Soviets not getting reparations they wanted
Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic to West Berlin (democratic zone)
Soviets trying to get all of Berlin
Truman orders Berlin Air Lift
11 months long
Planes dropped 2 million tons of supplies
Airlift symbolized American fight for a Democratic Germany

15. NATO North Atlantic treaty Organization Warsaw Pact
12 countries involved
Members would aid any country attacked by Russia
Warsaw Pact
Russian military alliance in eastern Europe

17. Civil War in China
Mao Zedong (communist) vs. Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalist)
After WWII Civil War broke out again!!!
To support Nationalist cause – US sends $2 billion to Chiang Kai-shek
Poor military planning – Mao wins!!!
People’s Republic of China established

18. The Korean War American and Soviet forces remove Japanese from Korea
Korea Divided at the 38th Parallel
North: Russia
South: U.S.
Both countries fund the troops in their zone
North Korean troops invade South Korea on June 25, 1950

20. The UN Intervenes
Pres. Truman orders Air and Sea forces into South Korea
Gets permission from the UN
Truman orders MacArthur to fight in Korea
U.S. forces are driven from 38th parallel to “Pusan perimeter”
MacArthur invades North Korea (by surprise) at Inchon and maintains the 38th parallel

22. China Enters War
Chinese sees UN troops as a threat and launch an attack on the Americans
Troops are driven back below 38th parallel (AGAIN!!!)
MacArthur
wants more troops (nationalist forces from China)
called for the blockade of Chinese ports
Use A-Bomb on Chinese cities
Truman denies and fires MacArthur
Maintains limited war!!!

23. Ch. 26 Sect. 3 New Red Scare Fear of Communists taking over World
Igor Gouzenko defected – US learns of Communist subversion
Loyalty Review Prog.
Federal workers screened for being Communist
6 million screened – 2000 quit – 212 fired for “questionable loyalty”
HUAC (House UnAmerican Activities Committee)
J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) makes HUAC important
Infiltrated groups and wiretapped phones

24. Alger Hiss Lawyer and diplomat Accused of being a Communist and a spy
Secret gov. documents and microfilm (called “pumpkin papers”) revealed Hiss was a spy
Jury convicts Hiss of perjury

25. The Rosenbergs American commies selling A-Bomb secrets
Klaus Fuchs sent info to Soviet Union
Implements Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – who were part of Communist party
Gov. gave Rosenbergs DEATH PENALTY for espionage
Executed June, 1953
Project Verona – cryptographers cracked
Russian codes

26. McCarran Act Internal security act
Illegal to form anything leading to a totalitarian gov.
Truman vetoed the act – but congress passes it
Never very effective

27. McCarthyism
Senator Joseph McCarthy claims he knew of American communists
Never revealed Americans names!!!
Claimed high ranking Gov officials were Red
Investigation = Witch Hunt
McCarthyism – damaging reputations with bogus charges!!!

28. McCarthy’s Downfall McCarthy looked for spies in Army
Army claims no spies – McCarthy takes fight to TV
Bullies officers
Public support starts to fade
Senate passes a vote of censure – McCarthy fades away!!!

29. Nuclear Bomb!!! America prepares for atomic war “Duck and Cover”
Fallout shelters were built for safety.

30. Ch. 26 Sect. 3 Election of 1952 Eisenhower
Adlai Stevenson (gov Illinois)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower wins!!!
Eisenhower
D-Day general
Military and Economy key to winning Cold War
“New Look” in defenses
Nuclear Weapons give “More Bang for the Buck”

31. Sputnik Crisis Airforce unveils B-52 bombers
ICBM’s (inter-continental ballistic missiles)
Soviets launch SPUTNIK – first satellite!!!
US feels they are falling behind!
Congress creates:
NASA
National Defense Education Act

32. Brinkmanship Willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace
Korean War ends with an armistice (July, 1953)

33. Taiwan Crisis China tries to control Taiwan
Taiwan part of barrier against Communism in Asia
Ike threatens Nuclear weapons
China backs down

34. Suez Crisis US helps Egypt build a dam on the Nile River
Egypt bought weapons from Communists
US leaves project – Egypt seizes Suez Canal for $
Russia wins out – Arab nations begin taking
Communist Money

35. Fighting Communism Covertly
Eisenhower uses CIA to wage covert war
1958 – IKE and Khrushchev meet at summit in Paris
U-2 Spy plane and Francis Gary Powers Incident ruins summit