1. Biology EOC Class #3
Room 221
Mrs. Gleb

2. Class Three Plan! Cells Photosynthesis Writing: Conclusions
Assessment – Cells
Assessment – Photosynthesis
Practice Test Questions (if there is time!)

3. Cells

4. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of function and structure in living things
All cells come from pre-existing cells

5. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Contains Nucleus
Many organelles present
micrometers
Appeared later in the fossil record (more recent)
No Nucleus
No Organelles
1-10 micrometers
Appeared earlier in the fossil record

6. Prokaryote
Eukaryote

7. Cell Structure
Cell Organization- Eukaryotic cells can be divided into two major parts
Nucleus
Contains the cell DNA
Cytoplasm (area outside the nucleus)

8. Function of Cell Organelles
Vacuoles
Sack-like structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Vesicles
Smaller structures that store and move materials between cell organelles and the cell surface

9. Function of Cell Organelles
Lysosomes
Small organelles filled with enzymes
Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules
Remove junk that would otherwise remain inside the cell
“clean-up” crew

10. Organelle Function – Building Proteins
Ribosomes
Small particles of RNA
Produce proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where lipids and proteins are assembled
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packages proteins for storage or release

11. Organelle Function Capture and Release Energy
Chloroplasts
Found in plants
Capture energy from sunlight and convert to food
Mitochondria
Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

12. Cell Transport Passive Transport
Movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy
Diffusion
Moving particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion (Osmosis)
Molecules pass through special protein channels – fast and specific

13. Osmosis – facilitated diffusion
Water enters the cells through aquaporin
Isotonic (cell stays the same size)
Concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell
Hypertonic (cell shrinks)
Higher concentration of solutes outside the cell
Hypotonic (cell swells)
Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell
Osmotic Pressure

14. Active Transport
The movement of materials against a concentration difference
Molecular Transport
Small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins that act like pumps
Bulk Transport – larger molecules and material are transported across membranes
Endocytosis- taking material into the cell by in-folding the membrane (forming pockets)
Exocytosis – releasing material to outside the cell

15. Homeostasis & Cells Homeostasis Multicellular Life
Constant internal and external conditions
Multicellular Life
Cells become specialized for particular tasks
Cell Specialization
Levels of Organization
Tissue – group of cells that perform a task
Organ- many groups of tissue working together
Organ System – a group of organs working together
Cellular Communication
Cells communicate through chemical signals and receptors

16. Photosynthesis
Energy & Life

17. Chemical Energy & ATP ATP Storing Energy Releasing Energy Using energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
Fuel for cells
Storing Energy
ADP – a way for cells to store ATP
Releasing Energy
Energy is released by breaking bonds between ATP
Using energy
Cells keep large amounts of ADP on hand as a way to create ATP to use

18. Heterotrophs & Autotrophs
Obtain food by consuming other living things
Autotrophs
Make their own food
Photosynthesis
Converting energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates

19. Photosynthesis Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts Light & Color
Plants gather the sun’s energy with pigments
The principal pigment is chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs light well in blue-violet & red spectrum and REFLECTS green
This is why plants look green!

20. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain lots of saclike membranes called thylakoids.
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called granum
Pigments are inside the granum
The rest of the chloroplast is fluid called stroma

21. Photosynthesis

22. Light Dependent & Light Independent Reactions
Reactions that directly involve light and light-absorbing pigments
Water is required
Oxygen is released as a byproduct
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and complete photosynthesis by producing sugars
No light is needed

23. Light Dependent Reactions
Generate ATP and NADPH
Use sunlight to convert ATP into ADP and NADP into NADPH
ADP and NADPH are energy carriers
Occur in the Thylakoids
Use Pigments

24. Light Independent Reactions
Plants use the ATP and NADPH to build stable compounds (sugars and carbs) for energy
This is called the Calvin cycle

25. Factors that impact Photosynthesis
Temperature
Enzymes function best between 0 – 35 degrees Celsius
Light
High intensity light makes the plants photosynthesis faster
Water
Water is a reactant that is needed

26. Writing on the EOC You MUST write something on these sections!
These questions are where the most students lose points – do not skip them
Carefully review each writing question and underline the components that your answer should have

27. Types of Short Answer / Writing Questions
Conclusions
Answer the question
Include supporting data from the IV & DV table
Explain how the data support your conclusion
Provide an explanation for the trend in the data