1. JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY

2. THOMAS JEFFERSON Born in Virginia Graduate of William and Mary College
A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses
Father of the DOI
Secretary of State under President Washington
Vice President under Adams

3. A Man of Contradictions
Anti-British/Pro-French
Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
Used loose construction of Constitution to justify his purchase of the Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in the “real world”.

4. By 1800, the Federalist party was split, clearing the way to the presidency for the Democratic-Republicans.
Two men ran for the party nomination: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

5. ELECTION OF 1800
Jefferson & Burr received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College
This meant that the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives was required to choose a president

6. Ironically, Alexander Hamilton campaigned for Jefferson
Hamilton disagreed on most issues Jefferson stood on
Hamilton personally disliked Jefferson and believed Burr to be “a most unfit and dangerous man.”
It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson finally won.

7. Significance of Election of 1800
REVOLUTION OF 1800
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another (bloodless revolution)
“Revolutionary” achievement
Jefferson referred to his victory and the subsequent change-over as “the bloodless revolution”

8. ELECTION OF 1800
Election of 1800: For the second time, a president was saddled with a vice-president he did not want
2. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie.
Federalists Democratic Republicans Adams--Pres Jefferson---Pres Burr---VP----73
electoral college

9. A New President
Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress
Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself
Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address
Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

10. Champion for the common man
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY
New type of democracy
Champion for the common man
Believed education would prepare them for participation in government
Believed education the key to social mobility
Educated should rule

11. He kept most Federalist programs.
Continued to uphold the treaties signed by Adams& Washington
Followed policy of neutrality
Did not attack tariffs, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt
WHY?
Felt Federalist diplomats signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war.
The Bank of the United States was helping to get the country out of debt
Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy
Wanted to help 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster

12. Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act
Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years

13. Jefferson and his treasurer Albert Gallatin set out to reduce the national debt
Under Hamilton, the government had borrowed money to finance national growth
He thought debt was a good thing: If the government borrowed from its rich citizens, those citizens would have a vested interest in the country’s growth
Jefferson decided to abandon this policy, trimmed the federal budget, and cut taxes, all of which he succeeded in doing.

14. Jeffersonian democracy
Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in US History.
Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy.
TJ believed the National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency
Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power.
KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON
Jeffersonian democracy

15. Jeffersonian democracy
Visualized an agrarian society
Feared industrialization and its effects
Farmers were the chosen class.
Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives
Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted it would divide country
Ultimate goal: African Americans would assimilate into American society
Co-existence with Native Americans was a long range goal but felt they would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficient
For the time being, felt Native Americans & whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands
Jeffersonian democracy

16. New Orleans Spanish Land 1800 Great Britain’s claims in 1783
United States in 1783
Spanish land after 1783
New Orleans

17. In 1800, France & Spain signed secret pacts & France acquires Louisiana & New Orleans
French Land in 1801
Great Britain’s land after 1783
United States in 1783
Spanish land
New Orleans is a highly desirable port. WHY?

18. Haitian rev
NEW ORLEANS
The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century.
By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity.

19. Buying New Orleans & LOUISIANA
Jefferson knew that the French would use their New Orleans’ strategic location to restrict American trade along the river
He offered to buy New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi Valley as possible from France ($10 million)

20. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
Haitian rev
HAITIAN REVOLUTION
Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.
Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion. He had wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America
Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

21. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Louisiana purchase
Since Napoleon lost Haiti & was at war with Great Britain, he offered the entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million
Jefferson authorizes the purchased of the Louisiana Territory, making it an excellent bargain (about 3 cents an acre)
Doubled the size of the US
Considered Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
Why? Didn’t fight a war; no blood shed.

22. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
This sparks a large debate:
Did the President even have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction to justify his decision
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.”
LP Constitutional ?

23. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
Hamilton and Federalists were against the purchase
Why?
It would create a population shift take Federalist power away in Congress
They feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society”
Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy”
LP Constitutional ?

24. Constitutional Controversy
Conflicted with his commitment to debt reduction
It facilitated the removal of eastern Native Americans by providing land for their exile
It promised fulfillment of his dream of an agrarian
LP Constitutional ?

25. Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45

26. Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45

30. LEWIS AND CLARK
Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Merriweather Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana
Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.
Included York, an African American slave
Carried 21 bags of gifts
Establish good & stimulate interest in trading for US manufactured goods
They anticipated a crowded wilderness and hoped to cement relations with Native Americans.
Lewis sent boxes of natural history specimens to Jefferson, including plant and tree cuttings

31. Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
SACAJAWEA
Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.
She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Knew the languages of mountain tribes
Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.
She was the 15-year old wife of a French Canadian trader Toussaint Charbonneau.
She and York were never paid for their services. York requested to be freed after expedition in order to join his wife but he was not freed.

32. The Expedition yielded maps, knowledge of Native Americans, & overland trail to Pacific
It caused many pioneers to turn their attentions westward in search of wealth and freedom.

34. AARON BURR Aaron Burr (1756-1836) Born in Newark N.J.
Democratic Republican
Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war.
A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton
Vice President of the United States ( ).
He and hot-headed Alexander Hamilton had long despised each other. Hamilton relentlessly blocked Burr’s attempts to rise in society. He thwarted Burr’s attempt to take the election of 1800 from Jefferson & backed the Burr’s opponent in the 1804 election

35. Hamilton did not fire & Burr was indicted for murder
HAMILTON VS BURR
Both held grudges against each other & when Hamilton accused Burr of being a liar, Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel
With his honor at stake, Hamilton accepted the duel even though his son Philip had died from dueling wounds.
New York had a law against dueling so the two men met in New Jersey.
Hamilton did not fire & Burr was indicted for murder
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many

36. Political career in ruins, he fled to the West
BURR Conspiracy
Political career in ruins, he fled to the West
In 1806, he schemed to take Mexico from Spain and carve a new empire out of the Louisiana Territory
Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

37. Britain and France Still at War
In 1805, the British and French were at war and at a stalemate. In an effort to gain an advantage, each side began blockading the other’s trade routes.
The US, dependent on both as trade partners, suffered greatly from the blockades.
To add insult to injury, the British began stopping American ships and impressing them again

38. C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R
Chesapeake affair
1807, the USS Chesapeake was sent to protect US merchant ships 10 miles off the coast of Virginia.
A British ship in the region ordered it to stop, but it refused.
British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

39. Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported,
Chesapeake article
Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British

40. If you were Jefferson, what would you do?
EMBARGO ACT
Jefferson was at a loss.
He couldn’t go to war against the British because the US Navy was no match for England’s forces.
If you were Jefferson, what would you do?

41. This cut off trade with all foreign nations
Jefferson’s Response
He decided to boycott by convincing Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.
This cut off trade with all foreign nations
By cutting off trade with them, he hoped that it would force them to respect US neutrality (aka economic coercion)
England and France were at war & traded most of their natural resources with the US
He was attempting to defend US neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world

42. While boycotting, he decided to increase military & naval expenditures
Embargo Act hurt the US because it basically shut down America’s import and export business, causing disastrous economic results
New England’s economy collapsed (talks of secession started), and smuggling became widespread
Jefferson thus repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act and did not run again for president.
Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807, a self-imposed prohibition on trade with Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, badly damaged the U.S. economy without achieving the law's purpose of getting the warring powers to recognize U.S. neutrality.
The Embargo Act hurt American businesses because they could not trade
Americans started smuggling goods to foreign countries
Economic situation was so bad it made New England states talk about secession
Lasted 15 months & repealed in March of 1809

43. EMBARGO ACT American people became angry with Jefferson
The Embargo Act was thus replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by President Madison, which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France and Great Britain
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall be Conquerors!!!”
“Our ships all in motion, Once whiten’d the ocean; They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo; Now doom’d to decay They are fallen a prey, To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”

44. JOHN MARSHALL Born in Virginia, 1755
Served as an officer with General Washington during the Revolution
Attended College of William and Mary and became a practicing attorney.
2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.
Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.
Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.