1. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine: Daily Pleasures, Daily Challenges

2. Alcohol Overview 65% of Americans consume alcohol
10% are heavy drinkers
Alcohol and college students
70% of college students consumed alcohol in the last year
1/2 are classified as heavy drinkers
Many students have a misperception about “normal drinking” behavior, and believe their peers drink more than they actually do.

4. Binge Drinking and College Students
On one single occasion:
5 drinks in a row for a man
4 drinks in a row for a woman
1,700 students die annually due to preventable alcohol related injuries

6. Binge Drinking Dangerous to yourself and others
Consuming a large quantity of alcohol in a short period of time increases the risk of unconsciousness, alcohol poisoning, and death
Linked to campus crime, including rape and assault
Many colleges and universities trying to address the problem
Implementing policies against drinking
Offering more programs to help students with alcohol problems

7. Chemical Make-Up of Alcohol
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol
Fermentation process
Yeast organisms break down sugar
Distillation
Alcohol vapors are released from the mash at high temperatures
Proof
Measure of the percent alcohol
80 proof whiskey = 40% alcohol

8. Alcoholic Beverages and Their Alcohol Equivalencies
Figure 8.1

9. Alcohol: Absorption and Metabolism
Absorption in stomach 20%
Absorption in small intestine 80%
Factors that influence absorption
Concentration of the drink
Amount consumed
Food in the stomach
Mood
Pylorospasm (spasm of valve)

10. Alcohol Absorption Wine and beer
Absorbed more slowly than distilled beverages
Carbonated alcoholic beverages (champagne and sparkling wines)
Absorbed more quickly than non-carbonated
Carbonated beverages (soda and seltzer) and drinks with mixers
Relax the pyloric valve and empty stomach contents into intestines
Increases rate of alcohol absorption
The more alcohol you consume, the longer absorption takes

11. ABC News: Alcohol Discussion Questions
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Video
| Alcohol
Discussion Questions
How did each of the three men differ when considering body size, past alcohol drinking patterns, food intake on the day of the competition and during the drinking bout, performance on the roadside sobriety test, and eventual blood alcohol content?
What was each man’s perception or judgment of how drunk he was at the end of the drinking competition?
Discuss situations when you have been drinking and thought that you were in control but may have had a high blood alcohol content. Can you safely trust your own judgment?

12. Blood Alcohol Levels Breathalyzers and urinalysis
Both measure a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume

14. Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Alcohol and injuries
13% of ER visits by undergrads are for alcohol-related injuries
Patients with a BAC >0.08 are 3.2 times more likely to have a violent injury than an unintentional injury
Most people admitted to ER are men 21 and over, most as a result of accidents or fights in which alcohol was a factor

15. Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Alcohol poisoning
Consuming large amounts of alcohol in short period of time can be lethal
Alcohol alone or mixed with another drug responsible for more deaths due to toxic overdose than any other substance
Death caused by either central nervous system and respiratory depression or by inhalation of vomit or fluid into the lungs
Signs include inibility to be roused, weak and rapid pulse, unusual breathing pattern, and cool, damp, pale or bluish skin
If wait to call for help until person is unconscious, risk of death increases tenfold

16. Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Decision making skills impaired
Alcohol lowers inhibitions, impairing ability to make wise decisions regarding sexual activity
70% of college students admit to having engaged in sexual activity primarily as a result of being under influence of alcohol
Less likely to use safer sex practices
Risk of contracting STI or unplanned pregnancy increases among those who drink heavily

17. Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Alcohol affects men and women differently
Women have less body fat
Women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase – enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach
More vulnerable to impairment due to alcohol consumption
Hormonal differences and use of oral contraceptives likely to contribute to longer periods of initoxication

18. Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol
Immediate effects of alcohol
Reduces frequency of nerve transmissions
Dehydration
Water is lost from cerebrospinal fluid
Alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal system
Hangovers
Congeners – forms of alcohol metabolized more slowly
Be informed of drug and alcohol interactions
What are some symptoms experienced by someone with a hangover?

19. Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol
Long-term effects of alcohol
Effects on the Nervous System
Cardiovascular Effects
Liver disease
Cirrhosis
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cancer
Chronic inflammation of pancreas
Impairs ability to recognize and fight bacteria and viruses

20. A normal liver and a liver with cirrhosis

21. Alcohol and Pregnancy Risks Alcohol can harm fetal development
Even a single exposure to high levels can cause damage
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Mental retardation, small head, tremors, and abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain
FAS is the 3rd most common birth defect in the United States

22. Alcohol and Pregnancy FAS behaviors include Impaired learning
Poor memory
Impulsive behaviors
Reduced attention span
Poor problem solving
Some have Fetal Alcohol Effects (less severe)

23. Drinking and Driving Facts
39% of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related
Many college students drink and drive
In 2005, 16,885 alcohol related fatalities (ARTFs)
One ARTF every 30 minutes
At BAC 0.10, ten times more likely to be in an accident
Current limit for BAC in all 50 states: 0.08%

24. Percentage of Fatally Injured Passenger Vehicle Drivers with BACs >
Percentage of Fatally Injured Passenger Vehicle Drivers with BACs >.08 Percent, by Driver Age
Figure 8.2

25. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Identifying a problem drinker
Abuse interferes with
Work
School
Social/family relationships
Alcoholism = alcohol dependency
Tolerance
Psychological dependence
Withdrawal

26. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Causes
Biological and family factors
Social and cultural factors
Family attitudes
Weakening of family links
Combination of heredity and environment

27. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Effects of alcoholism on the family
1 in 4 children live in an alcoholic situation
Dysfunctional families
Family rules: “Don’t talk, don’t trust, don’t feel.”
Children often assume at least one of the following roles:
Family hero
Scapegoat
Lost child
Mascot
Do you know someone who fits the description of one of these roles?

28. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Costs to society
Estimated alcohol directly or indirectly responsible for over 25% of U.S. medical expenses and lost earnings
Cost of underage drinking estimated at $61.9 billion annually
Includes crashes, violent crime, FAS, high-risk sex, poisoning, psychosis, treatment for alcohol dependence

29. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Women and Alcoholism
Female alcoholics approaching the rate of male alcoholics
Women get addicted faster
Risk factors include:
Family history
Pressure to drink from peers
Depression
Stress
Despite the growing problem only 10% receive treatment

30. Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Ethnic or racial differences
Different minority groups have own problems related to alcohol consumption and abuse
Alcohol most widely used drug among Native American populations
Rate of alcoholism two or three times higher than national average, death rate eight times higher than national average
Generally African Americans drink less than white Americans, but more likely to be heavy drinkers
Latino men have higher-than-average rates of alcohol abuse and alcohol-related health problems
Asian Americans have low rate of alcoholism, but many have defect in the gene that manufacturs alcohol dehydrogenase, leading to unpleasant side-effects when drinking

31. Recovery The family’s role Intervention – planned confrontation
Express love and concern
Treatment programs
Psychologist and psychiatrists specializing in treatment
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
Private treatment centers
Family, individual and group therapy

32. Recovery Relapse 60% rate of relapse in first 3 months
Many say they are recovering their whole life
To be effective, must work on self esteem and personal growth

33. Smoking in the United States
Smoking facts
Single most preventable cause of death
438,000 Americans die a year
50 times that of illegal drug deaths
Teen smokers = 27.5%
Advertising
Spends $18 million per day
Children and teens constitute 90% of new smokers
Women, minorities and college students new targets

34. ABC News: Tobacco Discussion Questions
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Video
| Tobacco
Discussion Questions
Why do you think that the federal government heavily regulates nicotine replacement products but not the delivery of cigarettes?
Why does Phillip Morris want to have the federal government regulate their tobacco products?

35. Annual Deaths Attributable to Smoking in the United States
Figure 8.3

36. Smoking in the United States
Financial costs to society
$167 billion in annual health related economic losses
$75.5 billion in medical expenditures
College students are smoking less
Estimated 18% reported having smoked in the past 30 days (2005)
Does tobacco appear to be a big problem on your campus?
What efforts are made to decrease smoking?

37. Tobacco and Its Effects
Physiological effects of nicotine
Nicotine is the main addictive substance in tobacco
Stimulates CNS
Stimulates adrenal glands
Increases production of adrenaline
Increases heart rate
Increases respiratory rate
Constricts vessels
Increases blood pressure

38. Tobacco and Its Effects
All tobacco products are harmful
Cigarettes
Clove cigarettes
Cigars
Pipes
Bidis (hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes)
Spit (smokeless) tobacco
Chewing tobacco
Dipping
Snuff

39. Health Hazards of Smoking
Cancers
Lung 85-90% associated with smoking
Pancreatic
Lip
Esophagus
Tongue
Cardiovascular disease
Smokers have 70% higher death rate
Stroke
Smokers are 2 times more likely to suffer

40. Health Hazards of Smoking
Respiratory disorders
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Sexual dysfunction
Males are twice as likely to suffer impotence
Other problems
Gum disease
More likely to need medications
Metabolism of drugs is affected

41. How Cigarette Smoking Damages the Lungs
Figure 8.4

42. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
Risks from ETS
Mainstream
Sidestream
Sidestream smoke causes more deaths a year than any other environmental pollutant
Children exposed
Have you seen any anti-smoking public service announcements you thought were powerful?

44. Tobacco Use and Prevention Politics
Over 40 years since the government recognized the hazard
46 states have sued
States have imposed extra taxes
Tobacco control initiatives are increasing

45. Quitting Breaking the nicotine addiction 70% attempt to quit a year
Fewer than 5% succeed
Many programs exist to help with quitting
Nicotine withdrawal is experienced
Nicotine replacement products
Nicotine chewing gum
Nicotine patch
Nicotine nasal spray
Nicotine inhaler

46. Quitting Other means of breaking the habit Aversion therapy
Operant strategies
Self-control
Benefits of quitting
According to the American Cancer Society many tissues will repair themselves

47. When Smokers Quit
Figure 8.5

48. Caffeine Caffeine facts A drug derived from xanthines
Mild stimulant to CNS
Increases heart rate
Increases oxygen consumption
Increases urinary output
Increases wakefulness

49. Caffeine Side effects Insomnia Irregular heartbeat Dizziness Nausea
Indigestion
Mild delirium
Involuntary muscle twitches

52. Caffeine Addiction Drink more when coming down Caffeinism
Jitters, muscle twitch
Withdrawing
May produce headaches
No long-term damage is seen with moderate use in non-pregnant women
Have you noticed any of the signs of caffeine addiction in yourself or friends?

53. Possible Health Concerns of Caffeine Use
Links to
Heart disease
Cancer
Mental dysfunction
Birth defects
No evidence that caffeine causes long-term high blood pressure or strokes