1. Alcohol Where does it come from? What type of drug is it?
Chapter Eight: Taking control of alcohol use
The most recent information is showing national data indicating alcohol consumption per capita has gradually dropped in the United States since the early 1980’s. Alcohol still does remain the preferred form of drug use for most adults (including college students).
There are many reasons why people choose to drink but regardless of these reasons, it still does alter brain chemistry by depressing the central nervous system, resulting in inhibitions(inner controls that prevent a person from engaging in certain types of behavior) being reduced which results in different versions of personalities coming out of check.

2. Alcohol
Alcohol- drug that is produced by a chemical reaction in fruits, vegetables and grains
Depressants- drugs that slow down the body’s functions and reactions

3. the concentration of alcohol in a beverage is the proof value
Proof value = 2X percentage alcohol.
E.g. 100 proof (whiskey) contains 50% alcohol

4. ONE DRINK = 0.6 oz pure alcohol
12 oz beer
5 oz wine
1 oz of a “shot’ 80 proof alcohol
Current recommendations are:
1 drink/day for women
2 drinks/day for men

5. Alcohol Use Patterns in the USA
1/3 are abstainers
2/3 are drinkers
1/3 are light drinkers
1/3 are moderate/heavy drinkers
10% of the drinking population is considered heavy drinkers- they are responsible for 50% of all alcohol consumption in the US!!!!!!!!!
Annual Sales of alcohol average out to roughly 2.3 gallons of absolute alcohol per person

6. Alcohol use and TEENS
Research has shown that alcohol use can interfere with long and short term growth
Can harm the brains ability to learn and ability to remember
Increases the risk of social problems, depression, suicidal thoughts and violence
Arrested, fined or sent to youth detention
1/3 of all teen traffic deaths are related to alcohol

7. Vocabulary
Binge Drinking- consumption of large quantities of alcohol in short period of time (2 hours)
4 drinks for women
5 drinks for men
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Alcohol poisoning- dangerous condition that results when a person drinks excessive amount of alcohol over a short period of time

8. Absorption and Metabolism
20% rapidly absorbed into bloodstream
75 % through upper part of the small intestine and the rest enters further along in the intestinal tract.
Metabolism of alcohol is in the liver.
2-10% is not metabolized but is excreted through the sweat glands, lungs and kidneys.

9. Vocabulary
Intoxication- a person’s mental and physical abilities have been impaired by alcohol
Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) – measure of the amount of alcohol present in a person’s blood
.02% makes people feel light headed
.08% enough to make it dangerous to drive (legally intoxicated)

10. Factors that Affect Alcohol Absorption
Strength of the beverage
Number of drinks consumed
Speed of consumption
What you are mixing it with
Presence of food in stomach
Gender and body size
Physical tolerance
Body chemistry / General health
Combining with other drugs
The following factors affect how quickly alcohol will be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Strength of the drink: the stronger the drink, the greater the amount of alcohol will be released into the bloodstream.
Number of drinks: more drinks consumed equate to more alcohol being released
Speed of consumption: the faster you drink, the quicker alcohol is released.
Presence of food: the amount or type of food can slow down absorption. Foods high in fat and protein will slow down alcohol compared to carbohydrates. Regardless, having food in your stomach is better than no food at all when trying to reduce alcohol in the bloodstream.
Body chemistry: Physiological basis for one’s metabolic rate will determine how fast alcohol is broken down or released into the bloodstream. Also, emotional status can affect how quickly alcohol is metabolized.
Gender: Women lack the ability to break down alcohol compared to men due to the lack of the stomach enzyme called dehydrogenase. As a result, women could absorb about 30% or more alcohol into their system, despite all other factors being equal with men (body fat%, weight, size, amount of drinks, etc)

11. Blood Alcohol Concentration
Percentage of alcohol in a measured amount of blood
Measured from exhaled breath or blood sample
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) rises when alcohol is consumed at a faster rate than what the liver can remove (via oxidation). Most people need two hours to metabolize one drink.
Oxidation is a constant variable and cannot be changed or altered due to certain pills, food, or concoctions. The concept of time is the only way to create the term “sobriety”.
Blood alcohol concentrations can be measured by an analysis of exhaled air or by a blood sample.

14. Possible consequences of frequent alcohol use

15. Long Term Physical Effects
Mouth: absorbed through lining which goes directly to blood, increases mouth and throat cancer
Stomach: irritates lining and increase acid causing swelling and ulcers which lead to bleeding. Weakens the valve from stomach to esophagus causing heartburn

16. Long Term Physical Effects
Liver: if alcohol is frequently in blood, liver cells die causing
Fatty Liver fat builds up in liver and cannot be broken down
Cirrhosis- disease characterized by scarring and eventual destruction of liver

17. Long Term Physical Effects
Brain: disrupts parts of brain responsible for memory and problem solving…unlike many other kinds of cells, brain cells do NOT grow back
Heart: damages heart muscle, causing it to weaken and enlarge which leads to high BP. Increasing risk of congestive heart failure and stroke

20. Normal healthy liver
Liver with cirrhosis

21. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetus is exposed to alcohol in a slower manner than an adult
Damage results in mental retardation
Other characteristics are low birth weight, facial abnormalities, widely spaced eyes, and a much smaller head.
Full expression rate: 1-3 out of births
Partial expression rate: 3-9/100 births
Scientific evidence shows that alcohol use by pregnant women can result in birth defects in unborn children. When alcohol enters the placenta, it enters the fetal bloodstream in a concentration equal to that in the mother’s bloodstream. Unfortunately, the fetal liver is underdeveloped and oxidizes the alcohol much more slower than the mother, which allows overexposure to the toxic effects. Mental retardation is a probable result.
Other characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are listed.
Is there a safe limit to the amount of drinks a pregnant mother can have? The answer is unknown so the best advice would be not to drink at all.

22. FAS

24. Alcoholism- different patterns
Regular daily intake of large amounts
Regular heavy drinking limited to weekends
Long periods of sobriety interspersed with periods of binge drinking lasting weeks or months
Heavy drinking limited to periods of stress

25. alcoholism
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