1. Chapters 16.1–16.2 WAR ON THE FRONTIER

2. After the Civil War, U.S. troops returned to Texas to assist during Reconstruction. Texans were disappointed when these troops did not protect them from native raids. U.S. TROOPS RETURN

3. This lack of protection along the frontier gave Natives a chance to raid Anglo settlements. Natives killed 162 Texans in raids between 1865 & 1867. NATIVE RAIDS

4. One of the most powerful Comanche leaders who opposed Anglo settlement was Quanah Parker. His mother, Cynthia Ann Parker, had been captured during a Comanche raid in 1836. She adopted their culture, married Chief Peta Nocona & had Quanah Parker. QUANAH PARKER

5. In 1867, the U.S. government arranged a peace treaty with Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne & Arapaho chiefs at Medicine Lodge Creek in Kansas. TREATY OF MEDICINE LODGE CREEK

6. This treaty established a 3-million acre reservation in Oklahoma where the U.S. government promised to send food & supplies. In return, natives would move onto the reservation & stop raids against settlers. TREATY OF MEDICINE LODGE CREEK

7. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek failed since some natives refused to move onto the reservation. They did not want to lose their independence, or their spiritual connection to their land. FAILURE OF THE TREATY

8. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek also failed because the U.S. government did not provide enough food & supplies for the reservation. Also, buffalo hunters were allowed to enter & hunt on the reservation. Buffalo Hunter : Person who slaughtered buffalo for the value of their hides FAILURE OF THE TREATY

9. Buffalo Soldier : African American fighter on the frontier Buffalo soldiers mapped, built roads & patrolled the frontier to protect settlers from native raids. Sadly, these soldiers were often harassed & even killed by the Anglos they were protecting. BUFFALO SOLDIERS

10. The U.S. government tried a peace policy based on the gentle ways of the religious group called the Quakers. Since this approach brought peace with natives in Pennsylvania, the U.S. hoped it would work in the South. Sadly, it failed & the U.S. decided that natives would have to be “removed.” QUAKER PEACE POLICY