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CONTRACEPTION Senior Health
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How many teens become pregnant each year (U.S.)? About 750,000 Majority are unplanned Factors that lead to this… Lack of correct information Belief of the incorrect information Alcohol & Drugs Peer pressure Portrayals of risk-free sex in the media
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Facts Females can ovulate before their first menstrual period, so a teen can become pregnant before menstruation even starts. Sperm normally live for 12 to 48 hours inside the female reproductive tract, can live as long as 6 days. Fertilization is possible even if sexual intercourse occurs during the female’s menstrual period. Only takes one sperm and one ovum for pregnancy to occur. Sperm cannot be urinated out of the vagina- urine leaves the body through the urethra.
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Forms of Contraception 4 Forms of Contraception Behavioral Behavioral Barrier Barrier Hormonal Hormonal Surgical Surgical
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Behavioral Methods Abstinence Abstinence Withdrawal Withdrawal Fertility Awareness Fertility Awareness
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ABSTINENCE Form of Contraception: Behavioral Effectiveness: 100% What is it? Choosing not to engage in sexual intercourse or sex “play” Advantages: Only 100% preventative measure against PREGNANCY and STDs Cost- free
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WITHDRAWAL Form of Contraception: Behavioral Effectiveness: 81% What is it? Withdrawing the penis before ejaculation occurs Disadvantages: Pre-ejaculate material contains sperm No protection against STDs Cost- free
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Fertility Awareness – “Calendar Method” Form: Behavioral Effectiveness: 75% What is it? Selecting specific days to have sexual intercourse based on the woman’s menstrual cycle/day of ovulation. Disadvantages: Menstrual cycles may vary Not a spontaneous form of contraception Cost per calendar kit- $12
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Basal Thermometer
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Barrier Methods Devices that prevent fertilization by keeping sperm from reaching the egg. Devices that prevent fertilization by keeping sperm from reaching the egg. Blocked or spoiled before uterus Blocked or spoiled before uterus Male Condom Male Condom Female Condom Female Condom Spermicidal Foam/Jelly Spermicidal Foam/Jelly Sponge Sponge Diaphragm & Cervical Cap Diaphragm & Cervical Cap
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MALE CONDOM Form: Barrier, OTC (Over The Counter) Effectiveness: 86-98% What is it? Rubber/latex sheath placed over the penis to collect pre-ejaculate material and semen upon ejaculation. (Some with spermicide) Advantages: Provides protection against STDs Disadvantages: Incorrect use Latex allergies Cost- 1.25
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How do you put one of these things on?
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FEMALE CONDOM Form: Barrier Effectiveness: 79% What is it? Fits deep into the vagina, ring holds it in place, blocks sperm from entering the vagina. Advantages: Provide protection against STDs Disadvantages: Difficult to use Hard to keep in place Known to be noisy Cost- $4 each
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How do you put one of these things in?
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Spermicide (Foam/Jelly) Form: Barrier Effectiveness: 74% What is it? Injected into the vagina before sexual intercourse to immobilize sperm and block them from entering the uterus. Before 5-90 min, after 6-8 hours Disadvantages: No protection against STDs Messy Have to use each intercourse act Should be used with other forms of contraception (condom, diaphragm) Cost- per tube $8
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How do you use this stuff?
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SPONGE Form: Barrier Effectiveness 80% What is it? Placed deep into the vagina to block the cervical opening; also contains spermicide. Remove after 6 hours Disadvantage: hard to insert No protection against STD’s…. Cost- $15 per 3 pack
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DIAPHRAGM & CERVICAL CAP Form: Barrier (Prescription) Effective 80% What is it? Dome-shaped cup with flexible rim; placed deep into vagina to cover cervix Fitted by a doctor Advantages: Can be implanted for up to 24 hours/48 hours Disadvantages Difficult to insert Moves around during sexual intercourse No protection against STD’s…. Cost-$ 15-75
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Diaphragm
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Cervical Cap
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FEM CAP
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Hormonal Methods -function by suppressing ovulation and preventing fertilization. Birth Control Pill Birth Control Pill The Patch The Patch Vaginal Ring Vaginal Ring The Shot The Shot Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception IUD IUD Implant Implant
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BIRTH CONTROL PILL Form: Hormonal Effectiveness: 95-99% What is it? Prevents ovulation Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur. Advantages: Period regularity Decreased cramps Disadvantages: No protection against STDs Must take at the same time every day. Possible weight gain. Cost- $15-50 per month
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THE PATCH Form: Hormonal Effectiveness: 92-99% What is it? Each patch in place for one week; one week without patch – menstruation. Release hormones through the skin. Prevents ovulation Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur. Advantages: Visual reminder that you are using birth control No need for daily maintenance, good for a week Disadvantages: No protection from STDs Similar to THE PILL Risk for blood clots
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VAGINAL RING/NUVA-RING Form: Hormonal Effectiveness: 95%-99% What is it? Small, flexible ring that releases hormones In vagina for 3 weeks; removed for 1 week – menstruation Prevents ovulation Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur. Advantages: Menstrual Regularity Disadvantages: No protection against STDs Irregular bleeding
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THE SHOT/DEPO-PROVERA Form: Hormonal Effective: 99% What is it? Shot will last for 3 months Prevents ovulation Thicken cervical mucous to prevent sperm from passing through to uterus Thins uterine wall to not allow implantation to occur. Advantages: No maintenance Decreased cramping Disadvantages: Does not protect against STDs Takes 12-18 weeks for the shot to “wear off” Cost- $35-75 per injection
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EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION – “THE MORNING AFTER PILL”/PLAN B Form: Hormonal Effectiveness: 80-86% What is it? Must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse Large dose of progestin and estrogen Over the counter for 17 years old + Prevent ovulation if it has not already occurred Thicken mucous in cervix and thins the wall of the uterus to prevent implantation if an egg has already been fertilized. Disadvantages: Does not protect against STDs
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INTRA-UNTERINE DEVICE (IUD) Form: Barrier/Device/Hormonal Effectiveness: 98%-99% What is it? Affects the mobility of the sperm Thickens cervical mucous; thins the lining of the uterus. Can be in place for 3-7 years. Disadvantages: cramping, bleeding between menstrual cycles, No protection against STD’s. Cost- $500-$1000
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BIRTH CONTROL IMPLANT Form: Hormonal Effectiveness: 99% What is it? Hormonal regulation stick implanted into the upper arm that helps to prevent pregnancy Thickens the cervical mucus/prevents sperm from fertilizing the egg Disadvantages: No protection against STDs Advantages: Lasts for 3 years/5 years After removal pregnancy can be quick
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Surgical Methods Tubal Sterilization Tubal Sterilization Vasectomy Vasectomy
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FEMALE STERILIZATION – Tubal Ligation Form: Surgical Procedure Effectiveness: 99.5% What is it? Tying off of the fallopian tubes so the sperm can not reach the egg Disadvantages: Does not prevent STDs PERMANENT!!* Advantages: PERMANENT! Does not decrease sexual desire Cost- 1500-6000
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VASECTOMY Form: Surgical Procedure (“lunch time” surgery) Effectiveness: 99% What is it? Blocks the vas deferens to keep the sperm out of the semen Disadvantage: PERMANENT* Advantages: Permanent Does not decrease sexual desire Cost- $350-1000
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