1. Using source material appropriately Academic style Academic style The different meanings of plagiarism and how it can be avoided The different meanings of plagiarism and how it can be avoided Effective summarising techniques Effective summarising techniques The reasons we refer to sources within a text The reasons we refer to sources within a text Identifying acceptable attributions Identifying acceptable attributions

2. Task – can you rewrite the following in a more formal style? Are aggressive people more likely to get a cold than good natured people? That’s an important problem that scientists have been looking into for a long time. At last someone has found out something definite. Dr Evans says in his latest study that there’s a connection between a crabby mood and getting a cold.

3. Sample answer to task Scientists have been conducting research for many years to investigate a possible link between aggression and becoming unwell with a cold. The results of a recent study (Evans 2006) show it is highly likely that there is a connection between a hostile mood and susceptibility to colds.

4. What is plagiarism? Some definitions The wholesale copying of another’s work and claiming it as your own The wholesale copying of another’s work and claiming it as your own Rephrasing someone else’s original ideas and not acknowledging the source. Rephrasing someone else’s original ideas and not acknowledging the source. Using material which is recognised as common knowledge in your field but copying the information word for word from a text book. Using material which is recognised as common knowledge in your field but copying the information word for word from a text book. Acknowledging the source but using the exact wording of the original or wording that is very close to the original; although you can use a cited author’s exact words if making a direct quotation, you should only use direct quotations selectively. Acknowledging the source but using the exact wording of the original or wording that is very close to the original; although you can use a cited author’s exact words if making a direct quotation, you should only use direct quotations selectively.

5. Avoiding plagiarism By developing effective reading, referencing, summarising and paraphrasing skills, the risk of plagiarism can be avoided.

6. What is a summary? For what purposes would you write a summary? A concise overview of a source text A concise overview of a source text Length and content varies according to the purpose and context Length and content varies according to the purpose and context –An abstract is a summary of a complete paper –An extension of note taking to help you remember and understand a source text –A summary of a single point from a source/s to support your argument

7. Which of the characteristics below are appropriate for an effective summary? The same order of words as the source The same order of words as the source Similar wording with some phrases exactly the same Similar wording with some phrases exactly the same Different sentence patterns to the original Different sentence patterns to the original Simpler vocabulary than the original Simpler vocabulary than the original The key points made in the source text The key points made in the source text It is longer than the source text It is longer than the source text

8. A recommended process for writing a summary (an overview of a text) Read source and highlight key points Read source and highlight key points Make notes of important points in your own words (pattern or linear notes) Make notes of important points in your own words (pattern or linear notes) Acknowledge your source and write your summary from your notes Acknowledge your source and write your summary from your notes Start with the most important idea and add major supporting points Start with the most important idea and add major supporting points Change the order if necessary to improve flow Change the order if necessary to improve flow Check original to see if all important points have been included and that you have used your own words Check original to see if all important points have been included and that you have used your own words

9. What is a reference? In contemporary U.S society, many adolescents spend considerable amounts of time in online interactions (Subramanyam, Greenfield, Kraut and Gross 2002) Waldron (2005) suggested that water leakage targets are often inaccurate as they are based on assumptions and lack direct measurement.

10. In-text referencing systems and the bibliography In-text referencing style Sequence of entries in the ‘List of references’ or ‘Bibliography’ Harvard system: Author surname (or occasionally, first name and surname) and year of publication of the work cited. (Most widely used format across a wide range of disciplines.) Alphabetical list of references according to author surnames. Numerical system: A large number is used after the referenced information in the text. (More common in Science and Engineering disciplines.) Numerical list of references corresponding to the order in which each reference first appears in the main body of text in the dissertation or thesis. Footnotes or endnotes: A small subscript number is used after the referenced information in the text; the full reference is given at the bottom of the page in a footnote or at the end of the chapter in an endnote (Common in disciplines such as English literature.) Alphabetical list of references according to author surnames.

11. Why do we refer to sources in academic writing? To acknowledge and show respect for other researchers’ contributions to the field To acknowledge and show respect for other researchers’ contributions to the field To demonstrate your allegiance to a particular research community To demonstrate your allegiance to a particular research community To establish your own credibility by the location of your work within a particular field To establish your own credibility by the location of your work within a particular field To provide justification and support for your assertions and arguments To provide justification and support for your assertions and arguments To give an illustration of how you have developed your argument To give an illustration of how you have developed your argument To create a niche for your own research by showing how you wish to extend or challenge previous studies To create a niche for your own research by showing how you wish to extend or challenge previous studies

12. Why do we refer to sources in academic writing(2)? To compare, contrast and evaluate the work others have done in the field To compare, contrast and evaluate the work others have done in the field To illustrate your own understanding of the subject matter by demonstrating that you have read widely and are able to select relevant information To illustrate your own understanding of the subject matter by demonstrating that you have read widely and are able to select relevant information To enable readers to track down your source texts easily if they wish to find out more information To enable readers to track down your source texts easily if they wish to find out more information To allow the accuracy of your work to be checked To allow the accuracy of your work to be checked To avoid plagiarism. To avoid plagiarism.

13. Acceptable and unacceptable references The source: In summary, this study suggests that, overall, the rates of tropical forest clearing have increased by 10% from the 1980s to the 1990s. This is in contrast to Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) statistics that report declining rates. The increase is largely in southeast Asia, with only slight decreases in clearing rates in Latin America and Africa. Adapted from: DeFries, R.S., Houghton, R.A., Hansen, M.C., Field, C.B., Skole, D.,and Townshend, J. (2002) Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 99, 22

14. Which are acceptable paraphrases/citations and which are not? Why/why not? 1)Generally speaking, tropical forest clearing has gone up by 10% during the 1980s and 1990s. In contrast, the FRA state that the rates are going down. The main increases are in SE Asia with small decreases in rates in Latin America and Africa. 2) DeFries et al. (2002) found that tropical forest clearing has gone up by 10% during the 1980s and 1990s. In contrast, the FRA state that the rates are going down. The researchers also noted that the main increases are in SE Asia with small decreases in rates in Latin America and Africa.

15. Which are acceptable paraphrases/citations and which are not? Why/why not? 3) A recent study (De Fries et al. 2002) has provided evidence which contradicts the Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) statistics. Whereas the FRA figures suggest that the speed of tropical forest destruction is declining, the research by DeFries et al. found that there had been a 10% rise in tropical forest clearing rates during the 1980s and 1990s, in particular in Southeast Asia. 4) DeFries, R.S., Houghton, R.A., Hansen, M.C., Field, C.B., Skole, D.,and Townshend, J. (2002) found that, ‘overall, the rates of tropical forest clearing have increased by 10% during the 1980s and the 1990s. This is in contrast to Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) statistics that report declining rates. The increase is largely in southeast Asia, with only slight decreases found in clearing rates in Latin America and Africa’.