1. Economic and Monetary Union and the Euro

2. From the Treaty to application The Treaty of Maastricht (1992) enshrined the principle of a single European currency On 1 January 2002 the euro started circulating in 12 European countries

3. The origin In 1970 the Werner Report proposed a convergence of economies and currencies of the six EEC countries In 1979 the European Monetary System (EMS) was set up In 1986 the Single European Act implied the convergence of European economies

4. Economic and Monetary Union In 1989 Commission President Jacques Delors put forward a plan and timetable for bringing about economic and monetary union (EMU) The Treaty of Maastricht laid down a set of criteria to be met by member states if they were to qualify for the EMU

5. Criteria Curbing inflation Cutting interest rates Reducing budget deficits toa maximum of 3% of GDP Limiting public borrowing Stabilising the currency’s exchange rate

6. ‘Opting out’ Denmark and the UK reserved the right not to move to the third stage of EMU (adoption of the euro)

7. European Central Bank In order to ensure the stability of the euro, an independent European Central Bank (ECB) was set up, based in Frankfurt, and given the task of setting interest rates to maintain the value of the euro

8. Economic union The euro has replaced currencies that were traditional symbols and instruments of national sovereignty (f. e. German mark) It moved Europe considerably closer to economic union The need for monetary stability

9. Stability pact and economic growth In Amsterdam, in June 1997 the European Council adopted two important resolutions: 1. Stability and growth pact (maintaining budgetary discipline) 2. Economic growth (employment as priority)

10. Coordinating economic policies In Luxembourg, in December 1997, the European Council adopted a resolution on coordinating economic policies to establish stronger ties between countries that adopted the euro

11. Stability of the euro In spite of turbulent world situations and crises, the euro has enjoyed that kind of stability and predictability that investors and consumers need

12. The world’s second most important currency The first one is US dollar The euro is increasingly being used fort international payments and as a reserve currency

13. Benefits of a single currency The euro has given European citizens a much clearer sense of sharing a common European identity (free movement of people, goods and capital)

14. Someting about the euro

15. The name The name euro was adopted on December 16, 1995

16. Euro banknote designs a design competition  winning design by Robert Kalina  theme “Ages and styles of Europe” Classical for the €5 Romanesque for the €10 Gothic for the €20

17. Renaissance for the €50 Baroque and rococo for the €100 Iron and glass architecture for the €200 Modern 20th century architecture for the €500

18. Euro coin designs a design competition  winning design by Luc Luycx Avers of all euro coins are same, but revers are different for each European Union Member Stete Italy

19. The design of euro coins differs in: – Common side – Colour – Edge – Diameter and thickness – Mass in grams

20. Banknote security features The “raised” print The watermark The security thread The see-through register

21. F oil stripe/foil patch Iridescent stripe/colour- shifting ink Micro lettering Ultra-violet properties Infra-red properties

22. The euro today Read and discuss the text “The failure of the euro” (handout)

23. Vocabulary Inevitable – neizbježan Adverse- negativan To plague – mučiti, ometati, stvarati teškoće Austerity measures – mjere štednje To clash – sukobiti se, ne slagati se Impetus- poriv, pobuda, poticaj To instill – usaditi, uliti, ulijevati The Common Market – tržište EU (zajedničko tržište)

24. The History of the Euro http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdLr3lTSy ns http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdLr3lTSy ns What was contemplated by the League of Nations in 1929? What does ECU stand for? Which countries opted out? Did the euro help tourism?

25. Countries that use the euro The following members of the European Union use the euro: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain The following members of the European Union do not use the euro: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Croatia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

26. Thank you for your attention!