1. THE UNION IN PERIL: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR CHAPTER 10
Section 1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
What was the controversy in the territories about?
Why was the Compromise of 1850 adopted?

2. The South in the mid-1800’s is increasingly…
The North in the mid-1800’s is increasingly…
Single Crop Plantation Economy (Cotton)
Rural
Segregated
black v. white
rich planters v. poor whites
Fearful of Northern interference & slave revolts
Industrial economy
Urban
Socially and Culturally Diverse
Immigration from Europe
More and more abolitionists
More opposition to spread of slavery

3. Map: Population Distribution, 1790 and 1850
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4. Map: U.S. Manufacturing Employment, 1820 and 1850

5. Map: Major American Cities in 1830 and 1860
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7. Map: Cotton Production in the South
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8. Slavery in Territories
Should territories and new states have slavery
Missouri Compromise
Wilmot Proviso
Closed to slavery
California, Utah, and New Mexico
Against southern constitutional rights
Congress had no right to control the territories
Passed by the House, rejected by the Senate
Twice

9. Debate over Slavery in the territories leads to… SECTIONALISM. (AGAIN
Wilmot Proviso = an amendment passed in 1846, stating that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in the territory seized from Mexico during the war.
WHY? More slave states would upset the balance of power established in the Missouri Compromise.
PROBLEM: Gold Rush means that California is ready to become a state, due to population boom. California petitions to be a FREE state, despite being below the 36º30’ Missouri Compromise Line

10. Congressional Scales, 1850
Congressional Scales, 1850
The question of how a war with Mexico might unbalance the nation politically weighed heavily on people's minds as the nation entered the 1850s. In this cartoon, lithographer Nathaniel Currier--who later would found the famous graphic art company Currier and Ives--illustrates the problem. Trying to balance the Wilmot Proviso against Southern Rights, the president seeks to keep congressional representatives from the North and the South in balance as well. (Library of Congress)
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11. The Senate Debates
Pres. Zachary Taylor backs California’s admission as a free state and he backs the idea of popular sovereignty = the people of each territory should vote whether to be free or slave.
Some Southern states, fearing a shift in the balance between N and S, threaten secession = formally withdrawing from the Union.
Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Calhoun work out the Compromise of 1850, and save the Union from splitting into sections.

12. Map: Westward Expansion, 1800-1860
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13. Statehood for California
Gold Rush
Population explosion
Skipped requirements to become a territory
State Constitution
Outlawed slavery
Outrage of Southerners
Location of California
How should California enter the union?
Free or slave
Balance of power

14. Compromise of 1850 CONCESSIONS TO NORTH California admitted as free
New Mexico to receive disputed land with Texas
Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in D.C.
CONCESSIONS TO SOUTH
New Mexico and Utah Territories to be determined by popular sovereignty
Texas paid $10 million as compensation for New Mexico
Stronger Fugitive Slave Act

15. 16 FREE VS. SLAVE Map: The Compromise of 1850
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16. COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE & THE COMPROMISE OF 1850

17. Compromise of 1850: The Players
NAME:
Calhoun
Taylor
Clay
Douglas
Webster
Fillmore
ROLE:
= Opposed
= Architect, Supporter
= Advocate, Supporter
= Supporter
= Conciliator
Calhoun and Webster famously debate the Compromise. Calhoun rejects it, Webster argues for it.

18. COMPROMISE OF 1850
Calhoun and Webster debate the Compromise. Calhoun rejects it, Webster argues for it.
Calhoun= advocate of state’s rights. Slaveholders have no need to get permission to take their property into the new territories.
Webster= the Union must be preserved, even if some Southerners and some abolitionists remain unsatisfied.
Senate FAILS to adopt the compromise. Clay retires. Stephen A. Douglass (Illinois) renews efforts to pass the Compromise in sections, which works. Calhoun’s death helps the bill to pass, also.
Taylor dies, and Millard Fillmore becomes President. Fillmore supports compromise and signs the bill into law.

19. Time line of Slavery 1787 1820 1845 1848 1849 1850 3/5ths Compromise
Missouri Compromise. Slavery in the Territories, balance of power
Texas is admitted as a Slave state
End of the war with Mexico, new territories gained, slave or free.
California applies for statehood, state constitution prohibits slavery
Compromise of 1850