1. Chapter 13 Life in the State of Texas 1851-1860
Essential Questions
Why did Immigrants come to Texas and what impact did they have when they arrived?
Was it the destiny of Texas to become a slave state?
Could Texas have avoided joining the Confederacy?

2. Changes in Texas Many people in Texas had come in from other states
familiar with customs, money system, and languages
But, Texas was still a Frontier State…challenging and exciting
Frontier Line in Texas stretched from Red River to Rio Grande…known today as Interstate 35
But, Texas was experiencing rapid growth
Read “In this Land of Ours” box p. 286

3. Rural Life in Texas
Between , most Texans lived on farms and ranches
Number of farms grew from 12,000 to 43,000
Most people had their own farm or ranches
Most focused on growing food crops
Corn: largest food crop
Other crops: wheat, oats, sweet potatoes
People didn’t make much money from food
cropshttp://soilcrop.tamu.edu/photogallery/cornsorghum+/pages/corn%20ears.htm

4. Rural Life in Texas, cont
Cotton: main Cash Crop (crop produced for profit)
Cotton was grown in Texas and shipped to northern states and Europe…made into cloth
Other cash crop: sugar cane
Raising livestock on (milk cows, hogs, chickens) was profitable
Ranches started—raised cattle and sheep—profitable

5. The Growth of Towns
In 1850, fewer than 13,000 people lived in towns. But by 1860, more than 26,000 lived in towns
Towns had home, general stores, blacksmith shops, lawyer/doctor/trade shops
Sheriffs, town marshals provided law enforcement
Most buildings made of wood—logs or lumber
No paved streets
Picture on page 284 depicts life
Galveston: largest town in Texas at beginning of Texas statehood (1850)
Most developed port and trade center
San Antonio became largest town by 1860
Many German immigrants moved to San Antonio
Menger Hotel (built of stone in 1859 and tallest building in state except for Capitol in Austin)
Houston became 3rd largest town due to railroads
Other important towns
New Braunfels—many German immigrants
Marshall—center for trade
Austin—state’s political center and capitol

6. The Growth of Towns, cont
Texas had 2 manufacturing facilities
In Houston: made hats
In Henderson: Textile Factory—made cloth
Other info
East Texas towns had saw mills
Most towns had grist mills—corn, grains ground into meal for baking
Areas where cotton was grown had cotton gins—separate hulls from seeds
Areas that grew sugar cane had mills for grinding sugar

7. Transportation
1850s, most rode horseback or in wagons pulled by horses, mules, or oxen (picture page 284)
On Rio Grande, shipping down river was possible
Richard King and Mifflin Kenedy established shipping on steamships during Mexico War
They established King Ranch in South Texas
East Texas—rivers were better and small boats could travel 100 miles upriver if water was high enough

8. Transportation, con’t Many Towns served by stagecoaches
Could travel 5-8 miles/hour
Carried passengers, freight, mail
Famous Stagecoach: Butterfield Line—went from Mississippi to Pacific Ocean…crossed North Texas
Took about 30 days to go from San Antonio to San Diego, CA…cost $200 for one-way ticket

9. Transportation, cont Railroads started building them in 1850s
By 1860, 400 miles of railroads had been built
Laid out in spider-web fashion around Galveston and Houston
Mainly transported products to ports and to market

10. Education Read Then and Now on page 288
President Lamar had set aside public land for education when he was President of the Republic of Texas
No public education yet—most kids went to private schools set up by churches in one room school houses
In 1854, TX Governor Elisha M. Pease set aside 2 million dollars for a school fund
A few public schools were started
A few colleges were started then

11. Education, con’t
Permanent School Fund: created in 1876 to make sure that schools would always have money
Today that fund is worth about $20 billion +
Today schools use interest from that money to help them
Elisha M. Pease
Known as one of TX most successful governors
Supported Permanent School Fund—still used today
Cleared state’s debt
Set aside money for hospitals for people with mental illnesses
Set aside money for schools for people who were deaf

12. Social and Cultural Life
People liked to
Race horses, hunt, fish
Dance—Saturday night hoedowns
Fiesta Activities—Hispanic culture
Religious Celebrations—weddings, baptisms, revivals
Political Election rallies
Theater Groups
Newspapers

13. Interesting Info Camels (page 287)
In 1856, 32 camels plus one baby camel born at sea came from Africa to Texas as a US Army experiment
These 33 camels plus 41 others that came later were taken to Camp Verde (TX hill country)
Very helpful in carrying supplies across dry southwest area
Some even used during Civil War
But the camels were stinky and had bad tempers and were too hard for army to control, so they sold them after the Civil War

14. Camels in Texas Cotton Gin
Cotton Gin

15. Grist Mill

16. The Menger Hotel

17. Elisha Pease

18. A Changing Population Many settlers coming into Texas
Population in 1850: 212,000
Population in 1860: 604,000
Many Native Texans forced out when Anglo Americans moved in
Why did they come?
Land
Sense of adventure
Political freedom
Problems in homeland

19. Migration from the US
Most new Texans came from southern states (Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, & Alabama)
Most settlers went to areas in Texas that were like their former home
have similar lifestyles

20. Cultures and Settlement in Texas 1820-1860

21. Mexican Texans 1850: estimated to be 23,000 Mexican Texans
Most lived in San Antonio area between Nueces River
and Rio Grande
Or they lived along Rio Grande from Big Bend to El Paso
Many had successful cattle or sheep ranches
Other Mexican Texans worked on these ranches
Jose Antonio Navarro had successful ranch
Some Tejanos concerned that Anglo American settlers were becoming more influential than Tejanos who had been there longer
Juan Cortina…was concerned

22. Juan Cortina Operated ranch near Brownsville
Believe Tejanos were not being treated fairly because their land was being taken away from them
Cortina fought against corrupt officials who helped take land away from Tejanos by carrying out acts of violence
Became known as Cortina War
See Picture/caption on page 291

23. Cortina War Cortina had about 400 supporters
Juan Cortina
Cortina War
Cortina had about 400 supporters
Cortina was defeated by a Confederate
captain: Santos Benavides
Result of Cortina War: left Mexican and Anglo Texans suspicious of each other
Regardless, Mexican Americans continued to have strong influence on economy, art, culture, and language of Texas

24. German Texans
By 1860, more than 43,000 people born outside of US lived in Texas
Germans made up largest number of immigrants
Germans came for
political/religious freedom
economic opportunities
Many Germans came to Texas as part of organized effort of Adelsverein—Society for Protection of German Immigrants in Texas

25. German Texans, cont John O. Meusebach: leader for German settlers
Brought German settlers to New Braunfels
Helped settle Fredericksburg

26. German Settlers in Texas
German Settlers in Texas
Boerne, TX
1890

27. Other European Immigrants
Irish: 2nd largest group of settlers in Texas
English: 3rd largest group
Irish:
left Ireland mainly because of disease that attacked potatoes, Ireland’s main food crop. This disease caused a famine
famine: severe food shortage
Many Irish settled in San Patricio and Refugio

28. Other Europeans, cont Settlers also came from France
Frenchman named Henri Castro founded colony of Castroville along Medina River
Other settlers came from:
Poland
led by Father Leopold Moczygemba
settled in town of Panna Maria
Czechoslovakia—
settled in Central Texas
led by Ernst Bergmann & Josef Lesikar
Sweden, Norway, Italy, and the Netherlands

29. Henri Castro http://www.castroville.com/henri_castro.htm
Henri Castro
Castroville

30. Native Texans
Pres Lamar had forced out most Native Texans when Texas was a Republic
Kiowas and Comanches still lived in West Texas
His policy was called the Removal of Native Texans
Removal: forcing Native Americans to move to
reservations
As more settlers came into Texas, they moved into Native American land = increased tensions
US Army set up military posts to help keep peace
Line of military posts from Ft. Worth to Eagle Pass

31. Reservations
In 1854, Texas government passed a bill (law) that set land aside for reservations
Brazos Reservation (close to Ft. Belknap in Young County)
Set up for Tawakonis, Wacos, Tonkawas
Clear Fork Reservation (on Brazos River…in Throckmorton County)
Most Native Texans refused to stay within boundaries of reservations
Boundaries were crossed by settlers
Within a few years, most reservations were gone and Native Texans had been forced out of Texas

32. Indian Reservations

33. Wedges of Separation Secede=to withdraw formally
Read “A Real Life Story” p. 295
For newly annexed Texas meant that US problems were now Texas problems
Slavery was a big problem
During 1850s, several issues caused “wedges of separation” that divided the US into North and South and led to the breakup of the Union of the US
Slavery
States rights
By 1861, ¾ of Texans voted to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.
Secede=to withdraw formally

34. Slavery in Texas Slavery had existed in Texas for many years
By 1860, the slave population was growing faster than the free population
Slaves
Had no property rights
Had no legal rights of marriage & family
Had no way to gain their freedom
Slave families could be separated and sold
Could not vote
Had no freedoms like even the poorest Anglo American citizens had

35. Slavery

37. Slavery in Texas, cont
As population of Texas grew so did number of slaves
Growth of cotton industry meant more slaves were needed to work the fields
Many slaves also worked on smaller farms or in trade shops
By 1860, about 182,000 slaves lived in Texas (almost 1/3 of state’s population)
Even though most white people in Texas didn’t own slaves, they supported the institution of slavery
They claimed that slaves were needed to support the economy of the South
Economy of South did depend on slaves to help produce cash crops

38. Slavery in Texas, con’t
But, many Texans (including German immigrants and Tejanos) opposed slavery
Thought it was morally wrong for one person to own another person
In the North, economy based on industry/manufacturing and had not become dependent on slaves

40. Free African Americans in Texas
Not all African Americans were slaves
About 150 free African Americans lived in Texas during time of Mexican rule…they had full legal rights
They lost these legal rights when Texas became a state but many of them stayed in Texas anyway
By 1860, about 350 free African Americans lived in Texas…probably more

41. Free African Americans in Texas, con’t
Most free African Americans were poor farmers but some were wealthy business owners
William Goyens: owned blacksmith shop in
Nacogdoches
When his status as a free man was challenged, Thomas J. Rusk represented him in court
Aaron Ashworth: owned farms and ranches in Zavala
County
Both of these men owned slaves

42. William Goyens http://www.tbhpp.org/goyens.html Aaron Ashworth
Aaron Ashworth

43. Slavery in the New US Territories
Citizens of US debated over whether slaves should be allowed in new territories
Compromise of 1850 decided issue for some territories (like California)
But issue of slavery had to be decided for other areas
US Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced bill to open settlement in Kansas and Nebraska
called the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

44. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Had provision in it that allowed citizens in those territories to decide if they would permit slavery or not
All US Senators voted on the bill
Texas Senator Sam Houston voted against the bill because he thought that the Kansas-Nebraska Act would divide the Union
Texas Senator Thomas J. Rusk voted for the bill
The bill passed but Texans were angry with Sam Houston because he wanted to keep slavery out of those territories and Texans wanted slavery
Sam Houston was not elected to the Senate again as a result of his voting against the Kansas-Nebraska Act

45. Political Parties The Know Nothing Party
Things went from bad to worse for Sam Houston. He supported the development of a new political party in Texas
The Know Nothing Party
Opposed immigration to US…especially Roman Catholics with German or Mexican ancestry
2 major political parties in US
Democratic Party: mostly supported farmers and
laborers (Most Texans)
Whig Party: mostly supported business growth

46. Political Parties, cont
When Texas became a state, most Texans were Democrats
Some Texans were Whigs but party never had strong influence in state
When Sam Houston supported the Know Nothing Party, he did so just to oppose the Democrats in the Texas legislature
But, he never officially joined the Know Nothings

47. Houston’s Race for Governor
Sam Houston resigned as state senator and returned to Texas to run for governor in 1857
He ran as an independent and not as a member of either political party
He strongly believed that Southern states should not secede from Union but that Union should remain whole

48. Houston’s Race for Governor, con’t
Hardin J. Runnels was nominated by the Democratic Party in Texas to run for governor
Originally from Mississippi
Owned a plantation near Red River
Supported state’s rights—believed that each state had right to make own decision about slavery
Favored secession if needed to preserve state’s rights
Houston had been gone from Texas for 10 years and had become out of touch with what the citizens of Texas really wanted
Sam Houston lost the election but made immediate plans to run again in 1859
Runnels became governor in 1857

49. Governor, cont
Sam Houston stayed in Texas even after he lost the governor’s election in 1857
His presence reminded Texans about who he was and his contribution to Texas’ history
Problems on the frontier caused Texans to lose faith in Gov Runnels
Gubernatorial Election in 1859: Sam Houston defeated Hardin Runnels
As governor, Houston strongly supported the US Union but most Texans strongly supported state’s rights. Under Houston, Texas found it difficult to secede from the Union during secession crisis of before Civil War began

50. Hardin R. Runnels Sam Houston
Hardin R. Runnels
Sam Houston