1. Kidney Dialysis and Transplants
Objectives:
*Describe the process of dialysis and explain how it controls the concentration of glucose, urea and protein in the blood
**Describe the working of a kidney dialysis machine
***Describe the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant compared with dialysis

2. The three ways homeostasis is maintained are Thermoregulation by ……
The three ways homeostasis is maintained are Thermoregulation by ……. Osmoregulation by…….. Blood glucose regulation by ……

3. The working kidney Filters 150L of blood per day
Entire blood within the body filtered once every 45 minutes
Produces 1.5 – 2 L urine per day

4. Problems with the kidneys
Kidney stones
High salt and minerals in your diet can lead to stones precipitating out
Extremely painful
Have to be excreted from the body in the urine
Renal damage / failure
The kidney is no longer able to filter the blood effectively
Plasma not properly reabsorbed
Proteins and cells pass through bowman’s capsule
Presence of protein in urine is a sign of kidney failure

5. Living without kidneys
A person can survive with only 1 kidney
However, no working kidneys  death
How do we know kidney is not working?
Options:
Dialysis
Transplantation

6. Dialysis machine

8. Dialysis
The blood vessels in the arm are connected to a dialysis machine.
In the dialysis machine a person’s blood flows between partially permeable membranes.
The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful substances as the blood.
This ensures that glucose and useful mineral ions are not lost.
There is a high concentration of urea in the person’s blood, and no urea in the dialysis fluid.
There is a concentration gradient of urea between the blood and the dialysis fluid.
Urea passes out from the blood into the dialysis fluid by diffusion.
Treatment by dialysis restores the concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels.
It has to be carried out at regular intervals.

10. Transplantation
Organ removed from either dead person or living person if not an essential organ
Inserted and connected to patient
Damaged organs sometimes removed
Donor organs not always connected into position of old organ

11. Transplantation

12. Advantages / disadvantages

13. No major surgery needed. No waiting lists – it prevents people dying.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Dialysis
No major surgery needed.
 No waiting lists – it prevents people dying.
Diet needs to be controlled carefully.
 Restricts normal life – it takes about 8 hours, several times a week.
Dialysis cannot replace all the functions of a kidney
Kidney transplant
No need for dialysis.
 Transplant can replace all the functions of a kidney
 The recipient can lead a relatively normal life.
 Diet does not need to be controlled.
Major surgery has many risks. Difficulty of finding suitable donor as donor’s and recipient’s blood and tissue types need matching
 Possibility of tissue rejection.
 Immunosuppresant drugs need to be taken for life. This means they are prone to certain infections and suffer longer from those infections.
 Patient need bone marrow radiation to stop white blood cell production
 The donated kidney only lasts for about 9 years.
 Some religious groups do not agree with organ donation.