3. The End
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.
Grant did not allow celebration because the southern soldiers were once again U.S. citizens.

4. Reconstruction
( )

5. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Gov’t organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare and education to black and white refugees from South
To relieve “destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children”

6. Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

7. Negative views of the freedman’s bureau

8. Wartime– Presidential– Congress
Plans for
Reconstruction
Wartime– Presidential– Congress

9. 13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

10. Lincoln’s Wartime Plan
Pardon to all who took an oath of loyalty & accepted the 13th amendment
EXCEPT highest ranking Confederate officers. (military & civilian)
When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath and est. a gov’t, it would be recognized.
Lincoln claimed the right to direct Reconstruction under the clause that set forth the presidential power to grant pardons and under the constitutional obligation of the US to guarantee each state a republican form of government

11. Lincoln’s Assassination
Shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C.
The assassination occurred five days after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox.

12. President Andrew Johnson
17th (1865 – 1869)
Pro-Union Democrat.
Anti-Aristocrat. (supports small farms)
White Supremacist.
“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

13. Johnson’s Presidential Plan
10% of state’s voters - oath to the US Constitution
amnesty with simple oath to all EXCEPT:
Confederate officers
those with property over $20,000 (wealthy planters)
(could apply directly to Johnson for pardon – 13,500 pardoned)
new constitutions must ratify the 13th amendment
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.
EFFECTS
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

14. Radical
(Congressional)
Reconstruction

15. 14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

16. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
States cannot deprive anyone of citizenship or voting (13th & 14th)
NO Confederate officer or military leader could hold political office
Military Reconstruction Act - The south would be occupied by federal troops and divided into 5 military districts governed by army generals
Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
2nd Reconstruction Act – army commanders to register all adult men who swore they were qualified
3rd Reconstruction Act – go beyond the loyalty oath and remove / replace office holders if any existing

17. Johnson’s
Issues:

18. Congress Breaks with the President
Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates.
February, 1866  President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.
March, 1866  Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes with a 2/3rd majority  1st in U. S. history!!

19. Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Tenure of Office Act
The President could not remove any officials without the Senate’s consent
Designed to protect members of Lincoln’s cabinet
Edwin Stanton

20. President Johnson’s Impeachment
Johnson removed Sec of War Stanton
The Republican dominated House passed articles of impeachment

21. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one vote short of required 2/3s vote).
Lawyers argued that Lincoln, not Johnson, had appointed Stanton, so the Tenure of Office Act did not apply to him
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one vote short of required 2/3s vote).
Final act of president was to pardon Jefferson Davis

22. Blacks in Southern Politics
Core voters were black veterans. (literate)
Blacks were politically unprepared.
The 15th amendment guaranteed voting

23. Black Senate & House Delegates

24. Black & White Political Participation

25. Colored Rule in the South?

26. The
Grant
Administration
( )

27. The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV ) of the United States Constitution
provides that no government in the United States may prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the right to vote.

28. Scandals:
Credit Mobilier – people took advantage of the Pacific Railroad
The Sec of War was taking bribes – impeached & removed
No evidence of Grant being involved, but his choice of associates earn him widespread criticism

29. The
Abandonment
of Reconstruction

30. 1876 Presidential Tickets

32. 1876 Presidential Election
Disputed votes
Florida, Louisiana, & South Carolina (intimidation of Republican voters)
Congress unable to determine the outcome.
A Committee of Senators, Congressmen and a Supreme Court Judge decide

33. The Political Crisis of 1877
Compromise of 1877
Election of 1876
Demos. gave presidency to Repub. Hayes
in return troops would be removed from the south
Reconstruction is OVER!!

34. Hayes Prevails

35. Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!