2. Classical Greece Hellenic Period 2000 B.C. to 338 B.C.

3. Bronze Age of Greece 2000 BC to 750 BC

4. I. Hellas: The Land Greek geography forms Greek character Greek geography forms Greek character Valleys and Sea – small agricultural area – small population Valleys and Sea – small agricultural area – small population Isolation leads to Individualism Isolation leads to Individualism Greeks develop extensive trading networks Greeks develop extensive trading networks Greek geography affects development Greek geography affects development Balkan peninsula very mountainous - Aegean sea has many small islands Balkan peninsula very mountainous - Aegean sea has many small islands Many small independent city-states are created Many small independent city-states are created Each is very protective of its independence. Each is very protective of its independence. Because of this, certain common traits did develop Because of this, certain common traits did develop Ideas were exchanged via trade, especially seaborne trade. Ideas were exchanged via trade, especially seaborne trade.

5. IIA. The Minoans Civilization 2800 to 1450 BC Civilization 2800 to 1450 BC Non-Greek-speaking empire centered on Crete Non-Greek-speaking empire centered on Crete Successful traders and had contact with many other civilizations. Successful traders and had contact with many other civilizations. Powerful Navy Powerful Navy Extensive contact with Egyptians Extensive contact with Egyptians Source of many Greek Myths Source of many Greek Myths Mysteriously disappeared earthquakes or tidal waves? Mysteriously disappeared earthquakes or tidal waves? Destroyed by powerful volcano Destroyed by powerful volcano

6. IIB. The Mycenaeans Civilization 1600 to 1100 BC Civilization 1600 to 1100 BC First Greek speaking civilization First Greek speaking civilization Indo-European invaders (see next slide) Indo-European invaders (see next slide) Conquered and settled throughout mainland Greece – Fortified cities Conquered and settled throughout mainland Greece – Fortified cities Heinrich Schliemann excavated Mycenaean Tombs Heinrich Schliemann excavated Mycenaean Tombs Warrior Culture Warrior Culture Best known for Trojan War Best known for Trojan War Became very good mariners and traders Became very good mariners and traders

7. Indo-European Invaders From central Asia – spread from Scandinavia to India From central Asia – spread from Scandinavia to India Waves of invaders - Circa 2000 BC Waves of invaders - Circa 2000 BC Shared common languages and myths Shared common languages and myths

8. IIC. The Dark Age of Greece Fall of Mycenaean kingdoms from 1100 B.C. to 750 B.C. Fall of Mycenaean kingdoms from 1100 B.C. to 750 B.C. Dorian migration Dorian migration Little literary evidence Little literary evidence Greek expansion around Mediterranean Greek expansion around Mediterranean Adoption of Phoenician Alphabet Adoption of Phoenician Alphabet

9. III. Homer, Hesiod, and the Heroic Past (1100-800 B.C.) Both Minoans and Mycenaeans formed basis for Greek myths and epics. Both Minoans and Mycenaeans formed basis for Greek myths and epics. The Illiad and Odyssey - Epic poetry by Homer The Illiad and Odyssey - Epic poetry by Homer The works of Homer tell us a lot about Greek values The works of Homer tell us a lot about Greek values Courage, Honor, Eloquence, and Independent achievement Courage, Honor, Eloquence, and Independent achievement

10. IV. The Polis Loyalty to one ’ s polis was very important. Loyalty to one ’ s polis was very important. Participation in its activities was expected and admired Participation in its activities was expected and admired The polis was fairly small and most citizens had big stake in its success and failures The polis was fairly small and most citizens had big stake in its success and failures This combination of events contributed to the glorification of personal achievement as well being part of the community This combination of events contributed to the glorification of personal achievement as well being part of the community Governments of the polis Governments of the polis Monarchy - rule by a king Monarchy - rule by a king oldest gov ’ t oldest gov ’ t Aristocracy - rule by nobles Aristocracy - rule by nobles usually land owners usually land owners Oligarchy - rule by few elites Oligarchy - rule by few elites usually merchants usually merchants

11. IV. The Polis (Cont ’ d) The acquisition of Ironmaking changes the polis. The acquisition of Ironmaking changes the polis. Iron is cheaper so more people can afford it. Iron is cheaper so more people can afford it. This gives power to ordinary citizens who now form the Phalanx for city defense. This gives power to ordinary citizens who now form the Phalanx for city defense. The power of the ordinary citizens leads to different paths for some city states. The power of the ordinary citizens leads to different paths for some city states.

12. VA. A Tale of Two City-States Sparta - A nation of warriors Sparta - A nation of warriors Governed by 2 kings who were advised by council of elders. Governed by 2 kings who were advised by council of elders. A citizen assembly approved major decisions A citizen assembly approved major decisions Citizenship was a rigorous affair. Citizenship was a rigorous affair. Athens - Aristocracy led to wealth for more citizens which led to more power for them. Athens - Aristocracy led to wealth for more citizens which led to more power for them. Solon elected - institutes reforms that increased citizenship and introduced economic reforms in 594 BC Solon elected - institutes reforms that increased citizenship and introduced economic reforms in 594 BC Solons reforms not enough Solons reforms not enough Discontent among citizens leads to rise of Tyrants who rule by force and helping certain groups Discontent among citizens leads to rise of Tyrants who rule by force and helping certain groups Later tyrants introduce reforms that lead to a limited democracy Later tyrants introduce reforms that lead to a limited democracy All male Citizens have vote. All male Citizens have vote.

13. VB1. Differences Between the Two During the Golden Age: During the Golden Age: Sparta Sparta had Oligarchy had Oligarchy stressed discipline and military virtues stressed discipline and military virtues isolated themselves from other Greek city-states isolated themselves from other Greek city-states discouraged learning outside the military arts discouraged learning outside the military arts Athens Athens had Democracy glorified the individual and extended rights to people encouraged trade and travel encouraged all sorts of learning

14. VB2. Similarities Between the Two Religion - Worshipped the same gods Religion - Worshipped the same gods Women had no rights Women had no rights All non- Greeks were barbarians All non- Greeks were barbarians

15. VI. The Persian Wars Revolt of Ionia 499 B.C. – 494 B.C. Revolt of Ionia 499 B.C. – 494 B.C. Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebel against Persian Empire. Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebel against Persian Empire. Greek city-states in Balkans aid them. Greek city-states in Balkans aid them. Persia under the rule of Darius Persia under the rule of Darius Darius sends army to conquer them in 490 BC Darius sends army to conquer them in 490 BC Battle of Marathon 490 Battle of Marathon 490 Greeks unite despite differences Greeks unite despite differences Athenians defeat Persian Army Athenians defeat Persian Army Leader of Athens urges preparation for another attack. Leader of Athens urges preparation for another attack. Greeks are outnumbered Greeks are outnumbered

16. VI. The Persian Wars (Cont ’ d) Xerxes invades Greece 480 Xerxes invades Greece 480 To avenge Persian honor To avenge Persian honor Battle of Thermopylae 480 Battle of Thermopylae 480 200 Spartans hold Persian army for a week 200 Spartans hold Persian army for a week Buys time for Athens to prepare Buys time for Athens to prepare Persians find Athens empty and burn it Persians find Athens empty and burn it A beggar tells them that the people fled in ships. A beggar tells them that the people fled in ships. Battle of Salamis 480 Battle of Salamis 480 A beggar tells them that the people fled in ships. Xerxes orders a pursuit. Persians are lured into a trap Persian navy is destroyed and army retreats Battles of Plataea and Mycale 479 Battles of Plataea and Mycale 479 Persian ultimately defeated

17. VI. The Persian Wars (Cont ’ d) Major Results Major Results Formation of Delian League under Athenian Domination for defense Formation of Delian League under Athenian Domination for defense Maintained Greek Independence preserving Greek Culture and Ideas. Maintained Greek Independence preserving Greek Culture and Ideas.

18. Golden Age of Greece 478 B.C. - 338 B.C.

19. VII. After the War After defeat of Persians - Athens is top dog After defeat of Persians - Athens is top dog Athenian Golden Age begins Athenian Golden Age begins Under the Leadership of Pericles - Athens is beautified Under the Leadership of Pericles - Athens is beautified Promoted the Humanities Promoted the Humanities Athens takes control of League funds and rebuilds city Athens takes control of League funds and rebuilds city Is center of commerce and exchange of ideas Is center of commerce and exchange of ideas Leaders are artists, philosophers, and writers Leaders are artists, philosophers, and writers

20. VIII. Classical Greek Philosophy Looking for explanations for the natural world Looking for explanations for the natural world The big three S – P – A The big three S – P – A Socrates – Questioning method Socrates – Questioning method Plato – Wrote The Republic – Aristocracy of the Intelligence Plato – Wrote The Republic – Aristocracy of the Intelligence Artistotle – called for Philosopher-King Artistotle – called for Philosopher-King

21. IX. Greek Architecture and Art Quest for harmony and balance Quest for harmony and balance Parthenon considered to be finest example Parthenon considered to be finest example Sculptors – considered human form to be perfect, tried to recreate that perfection Sculptors – considered human form to be perfect, tried to recreate that perfection Greek Drama Greek Drama Tragedies – average or good people going bad through misfortune Tragedies – average or good people going bad through misfortune Comedies - bad things happening to bad people Comedies - bad things happening to bad people

22. X. Peloponnesian Wars 431- 404 Delian League 478 BC Delian League 478 BC Some Poli contributed money, some ships. Some Poli contributed money, some ships. Athens largest member Athens largest member Formed as protection against Persians Formed as protection against Persians Other Greek c-s object and are fearful of Athenian power and arrogance - especially Sparta Other Greek c-s object and are fearful of Athenian power and arrogance - especially Sparta

23. Athenian Empire Athenian Empire Persian Fleets defeated Persian Fleets defeated Aegean Greeks liberated Aegean Greeks liberated Athens won ’ t allow some to leave League. Athens won ’ t allow some to leave League. Uses force to keep them in Uses force to keep them in Athens pursues policy of imperialism Athens pursues policy of imperialism Wants to build land empire Wants to build land empire X. Peloponnesian Wars (Cont ’ d)

24. Peloponnesian War starts in 430 BC when Sparta attacks Athens Peloponnesian War starts in 430 BC when Sparta attacks Athens Lasts from 460 to 445 Lasts from 460 to 445 Ends with 30 year peace Ends with 30 year peace Delian treasury moved to Athens 454 Delian treasury moved to Athens 454 Pericles uses League money to build temples. Pericles uses League money to build temples. Sparta forms Peloponnesian League Sparta forms Peloponnesian League

25. X. Peloponnesian Wars (Cont ’ d) Second (Great) Peloponnesian War Second (Great) Peloponnesian War Sparta land based forces Sparta land based forces Athens sea based forces Athens sea based forces Athens protected by Long walls Athens protected by Long walls Pericles dies in Plague that sweeps Athens Pericles dies in Plague that sweeps Athens War lasts almost thirty years w/ intermittent truces War lasts almost thirty years w/ intermittent truces Athens tries to take Syracuse Athens tries to take Syracuse Loses most of its army Loses most of its army Spartans make deal with Persians Spartans make deal with Persians Advised by Athenian Traitor Advised by Athenian Traitor Athenian Navy destroyed in 405 Athenian Navy destroyed in 405 Caught at anchor, unprepared Caught at anchor, unprepared Athens Surrenders in 404 - city walls torn down Athens Surrenders in 404 - city walls torn down Sparta eventually wins w/help from Persian Navy Sparta eventually wins w/help from Persian Navy Greek unity fractured until Macedonia under Phillip takes over. Greek unity fractured until Macedonia under Phillip takes over.